Comprehensive SWMS for High Pressure Water Blasting and Surface Cleaning Operations

High Pressure Water Cleaner Safe Work Method Statement

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High pressure water cleaning involves the use of specialised equipment generating water streams at pressures ranging from 1,000 to 40,000+ PSI to remove dirt, grime, coatings, concrete residue, and contaminants from surfaces in construction and industrial environments. This powerful cleaning method presents significant safety hazards including high-pressure injection injuries, slip hazards from water discharge, electrical risks near power sources, noise exposure, and potential surface damage if operated incorrectly. This SWMS addresses the specific safety requirements for high pressure water cleaning operations in accordance with Australian WHS legislation, AS 4233 Pressure Equipment standards, and Safe Work Australia guidance, providing detailed hazard controls, equipment inspection procedures, and step-by-step operational methods to ensure worker safety and effective cleaning outcomes.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

High pressure water cleaning, also known as water blasting or pressure washing, is a highly effective cleaning method used throughout construction sites for surface preparation, concrete cleaning, paint removal, graffiti removal, equipment cleaning, and final building cleans. This work utilises specialised pressure equipment generating water streams at pressures typically ranging from 1,000 PSI (69 bar) for light-duty domestic applications to over 40,000 PSI (2,750 bar) for industrial concrete preparation and coating removal. Construction applications for high pressure water cleaning are diverse and critical to project quality. Surface preparation before painting or coating application requires removal of dirt, efflorescence, chalking paint, and contaminants to ensure proper adhesion. Concrete formwork cleaning between pours prevents concrete build-up affecting dimensional accuracy. Post-construction cleaning removes cement residue, mortar staining, and construction dust from brickwork, paving, and facades. Graffiti removal, equipment degreasing, and drainage system cleaning represent additional common applications. Pressure washer equipment varies significantly in power source, pressure capacity, and water delivery method. Electric-powered units ranging from 1,000-3,000 PSI suit light cleaning tasks and indoor applications where exhaust fumes are unacceptable. Petrol and diesel-powered units generating 3,000-40,000+ PSI handle heavy-duty cleaning, coating removal, and concrete preparation. Cold water systems suffice for most cleaning tasks, whilst hot water and steam units enhance degreasing and sanitation effectiveness. Flow rates measured in litres per minute affect cleaning speed and water consumption - typical units deliver 8-20 litres per minute. Nozzle selection critically affects cleaning effectiveness and safety. Zero-degree nozzles concentrate water into a focused stream for maximum impact suitable for coating removal but present highest injection injury risk. Fifteen-degree nozzles provide strong cleaning for concrete and masonry. Twenty-five-degree nozzles suit general-purpose cleaning of most surfaces. Forty-degree nozzles deliver wider, gentler spray patterns for delicate surfaces and vehicle washing. Rotary turbo nozzles combine zero-degree impact force with rotating action to clean faster whilst reducing injection injury risk compared to static zero-degree nozzles. Chemical injection systems introduce detergents, degreasers, or specialised cleaning solutions through the pressure system enhancing cleaning effectiveness for specific applications.

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Why this SWMS matters

High pressure water injection injuries represent one of the most serious hazards in pressure cleaning operations, capable of causing severe tissue damage, infection, and potential amputation even from seemingly minor puncture wounds. Water streams exceeding 100 PSI (7 bar) can penetrate human skin, with pressures above 1,000 PSI causing deep tissue injection of water and contaminants into underlying tissues, blood vessels, and body cavities. These injuries frequently appear minor at entry but cause extensive internal damage requiring emergency surgical intervention. Delayed treatment leads to severe infections, compartment syndrome, and tissue necrosis. Australian emergency departments regularly treat pressure injection injuries, many resulting in permanent disability. The physics of high pressure water streams create hazards beyond obvious cutting and impact injuries. Water pressure decreases with distance from the nozzle, but remains dangerous at surprising distances - a 3,000 PSI stream maintains sufficient pressure to penetrate skin at 30cm from the nozzle tip. Reflected spray from hard surfaces can cause eye injuries if appropriate protection is not worn. Water streams can dislodge objects creating projectile hazards - loose mortar, paint chips, and debris become missiles when struck by high-pressure water. Operators often underestimate these hazards particularly when using familiar equipment or under time pressure. Electrical hazards present serious electrocution risks when operating high pressure cleaners near electrical installations, temporary site power, or building services. Water spray contacting electrical panels, junction boxes, or damaged cables creates direct electrocution pathways. Extension leads and power tools in wet environments suffer insulation breakdown and contact exposure. Many pressure cleaning operations occur in areas with overhead or underground electrical services requiring specific clearances and isolation procedures. The combination of water conductive pathway and electrical contact can prove instantly fatal. Slip hazards from water discharge represent the most frequent injury type in pressure cleaning operations though generally less severe than injection injuries. Pressure washing creates extensive water run-off saturating surfaces and creating slippery conditions. Concrete, tiles, painted surfaces, and metal platforms become extremely hazardous when wet. Workers carrying hoses, operating wands, and moving around cleaning areas face elevated fall risk. Run-off water also creates environmental hazards if contaminated with chemicals, fuels, paint residues, or other pollutants requiring containment and proper disposal. Noise exposure from high pressure water equipment and impact exceeds 85 dB(A) in most operations, with petrol and diesel units generating 95-105 dB(A) at operator position. Water impact on hard surfaces creates additional noise. Prolonged exposure without hearing protection causes permanent hearing loss. The intermittent nature of cleaning work often leads workers to forgo hearing protection, resulting in cumulative noise exposure exceeding daily limits. Proper implementation of this SWMS ensures appropriate hearing protection, equipment maintenance, and work rotation to prevent occupational hearing loss whilst maintaining productive cleaning operations.

Reinforce licensing, insurance, and regulator expectations for High Pressure Water Cleaner Safe Work Method Statement crews before they mobilise.

Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

High Pressure Water Injection Injuries

High

High pressure water streams exceeding 100 PSI can penetrate skin, with streams above 1,000 PSI causing deep tissue injection of water and contaminants into subcutaneous tissues, muscles, blood vessels, and body cavities. These injuries occur when operators contact the water stream with hands or body, point nozzles at themselves or others, or when hoses fail causing whipping action. The injury may appear as a small puncture wound but causes extensive internal tissue damage requiring immediate surgical intervention. Delayed treatment results in severe infection, compartment syndrome, tissue necrosis, and potential amputation.

Consequence: Permanent disability, amputation of affected limbs or digits, severe infection requiring prolonged hospitalisation, compartment syndrome, tissue necrosis, and potential fatality from sepsis if treatment is delayed.

Slip and Fall Hazards from Water Discharge

High

Pressure washing operations discharge substantial water volumes creating saturated surfaces and pooling water across work areas. Concrete, tiles, metal platforms, and painted surfaces become extremely slippery when wet. Workers manoeuvring hoses, operating spray wands, and moving around active cleaning areas face elevated slip risk. High-pressure water can also remove surface coatings or blast debris creating additional trip hazards. Run-off water flowing across walkways and access routes creates slip hazards for other workers and pedestrians beyond the immediate work area.

Consequence: Fractures from falls onto hard surfaces, head injuries if workers strike objects or ground during falls, soft tissue injuries including sprains and contusions, and potential for falls from height if pressure washing occurs on elevated surfaces or near unprotected edges.

Electrocution from Water Contact with Electrical Sources

High

Water spray and run-off contacting electrical installations, temporary site power, junction boxes, or damaged cables creates direct electrocution pathways through water's electrical conductivity. Pressure washing near switchboards, electrical panels, overhead power lines, or underground electrical services presents extreme electrocution risk. Electric-powered pressure washers operated with damaged leads, inadequate RCD protection, or in wet conditions can energise equipment frames. Extension cords and power tools in water-saturated areas suffer insulation breakdown creating contact hazards.

Consequence: Fatal electrocution from contact with energised conductors, severe electrical burns, cardiac arrest, respiratory paralysis, and secondary injuries from falls or involuntary muscle contractions during electrical shock events.

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss from Equipment Operation

Medium

High pressure water cleaning equipment generates significant noise particularly petrol and diesel-powered units producing 95-105 dB(A) at operator position. Water impact on hard surfaces creates additional noise from the cleaning action itself. Prolonged daily exposure without appropriate hearing protection causes cumulative damage to hearing mechanisms resulting in permanent hearing loss. The intermittent nature of pressure washing work often leads operators to work without hearing protection during what they perceive as short duration tasks, but cumulative exposure over weeks and months exceeds safe limits.

Consequence: Permanent noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus (persistent ringing in ears), reduced ability to hear high-frequency sounds affecting communication and safety awareness, and gradual progression to severe hearing impairment requiring hearing aids.

Struck by Projectiles from Dislodged Materials

Medium

High pressure water streams dislodge paint chips, loose mortar, concrete fragments, rust scale, and other surface materials at high velocity creating projectile hazards. These materials can strike operators, nearby workers, or members of the public. Hard objects such as stones, metal fragments, or glass pieces embedded in surfaces become dangerous missiles when released by water pressure. Reflected water spray from hard surfaces also carries suspended debris particles capable of causing eye injuries even at distances from the primary cleaning point.

Consequence: Eye injuries including corneal abrasions, embedded foreign bodies, or penetrating eye injuries potentially causing vision loss; facial lacerations; soft tissue injuries from impact by larger dislodged materials; and dental injuries if projectiles strike the mouth area.

Hose Whipping and Equipment Failure

Medium

Sudden hose failure from wear, damage, or exceeding pressure ratings causes violent whipping action as pressurised water escapes. The loose hose end flails unpredictably striking operators and bystanders with both impact force and water stream. Quick-connect fittings that separate under pressure also cause hose whipping. Trigger gun failures, nozzle separations, or damaged pressure relief valves can cause sudden uncontrolled water discharge. Equipment components fatigued through vibration and pressure cycling fail without warning particularly if maintenance is neglected.

Consequence: Impact injuries from whipping hose contact including bruising, lacerations, and fractures; high pressure water injection injuries if whipping hose strikes body; equipment damage from flailing hoses; and potential for knocked-over equipment or materials creating secondary hazards.

Chemical Exposure from Cleaning Agents and Surface Contaminants

Medium

Pressure washing with chemical cleaning agents, degreasers, or acid-based products creates inhalation exposure to chemical mists and vapours particularly in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas. High pressure atomises chemicals into fine droplets that become airborne. Skin contact with chemical cleaning solutions causes irritation, burns, or allergic reactions. Pressure washing also mobilises existing surface contaminants including lead paint, asbestos cement residue, mould spores, and industrial chemicals creating exposure risks through inhalation or skin contact with contaminated water and spray.

Consequence: Chemical burns from concentrated cleaning agents, respiratory irritation from inhaling chemical mists, skin sensitisation and contact dermatitis, potential toxic exposure to lead or other heavy metals from disturbed coatings, and respiratory disease from asbestos or silica dust mobilised by water pressure.

Musculoskeletal Injuries from Equipment Operation

Medium

Operating high pressure cleaning equipment involves sustained gripping of trigger guns, controlling hose movement and spray wand direction, and maintaining stable body positions often in awkward postures. Trigger guns require continuous grip force to maintain water flow creating hand and forearm fatigue. High pressure reaction forces from water discharge require operators to brace against recoil particularly with high-flow, high-pressure equipment. Prolonged periods manoeuvring heavy hoses and working in bent, reaching, or kneeling positions load the lower back, shoulders, and knees.

Consequence: Repetitive strain injuries affecting hands, wrists, and forearms; chronic lower back pain from sustained awkward postures; shoulder injuries from controlling high-pressure equipment; knee damage from prolonged kneeling during low-level cleaning tasks; and generalised muscular fatigue increasing injury risk.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Pressure Equipment Selection and Pressure Rating Limits

Substitution

Select pressure equipment appropriate for the cleaning task avoiding unnecessarily high pressures that increase injury risk without improving cleaning effectiveness. Use the lowest pressure and widest nozzle angle that achieves required cleaning results. Substitute zero-degree nozzles with fifteen-degree or rotary turbo nozzles wherever possible to reduce injection injury risk whilst maintaining cleaning effectiveness. Limit maximum pressure settings through regulator adjustment ensuring operators cannot exceed safe pressure limits for the task and surface being cleaned.

Implementation

1. Assess cleaning requirements and select equipment pressure rating appropriate for the task - typically 1,000-3,000 PSI for general cleaning, 3,000-10,000 PSI for concrete and heavy-duty applications 2. Prohibit use of zero-degree nozzles except where specifically required for coating removal, and only by experienced operators 3. Fit rotary turbo nozzles as standard equipment for concrete cleaning providing zero-degree impact in rotating pattern reducing injection risk 4. Adjust pressure regulators to limit maximum output pressure to task requirements preventing excessive pressure application 5. Mark pressure settings clearly on equipment controls indicating approved operating ranges for different cleaning tasks 6. Verify pressure gauge accuracy annually ensuring operators have reliable pressure indication 7. Prohibit removal or bypassing of pressure relief valves or other safety devices designed to prevent over-pressurisation

Trigger Gun Safety Locks and Two-Handed Operation

Engineering Control

Utilise trigger guns equipped with safety locks preventing unintentional water discharge when equipment is not actively in use. Ensure trigger guns require deliberate operator action to unlock and activate preventing accidental activation from bumps, drops, or pressure. Specify trigger gun designs requiring two-handed operation where appropriate providing better control and reducing likelihood of pointing equipment at body parts during operation.

Implementation

1. Verify all trigger guns are fitted with functional safety locks that engage automatically when trigger is released 2. Test safety lock function at start of each shift confirming trigger cannot be activated whilst lock is engaged 3. Train operators to engage safety locks whenever moving between cleaning locations or when stationary for more than 30 seconds 4. Inspect trigger gun mechanisms weekly checking for wear, damage, or degraded spring tension affecting lock function 5. Replace trigger guns showing signs of wear including loose triggers, damaged locks, or cracked bodies 6. Position hands on designated grip areas only - never support wand by placing hand near nozzle discharge point 7. Prohibit use of trigger guns with disabled, removed, or malfunctioning safety locks - withdraw equipment from service immediately if defects are identified

Exclusion Zones and Physical Barriers Around Pressure Washing Operations

Engineering Control

Establish physical exclusion zones around active pressure washing operations preventing unauthorised personnel from entering areas where they could be struck by high pressure water, dislodged debris, or exposed to other operational hazards. Use barrier tape, temporary fencing, or physical barricades to define exclusion zones. Position warning signage indicating pressure washing in progress and prohibiting unauthorised entry. Assign spotters to monitor exclusion zones during operations in areas with pedestrian or vehicle traffic.

Implementation

1. Establish minimum 5-metre exclusion zone radius around active pressure washing operations in open areas 2. Increase exclusion zone to 10 metres when pressure washing above ground level or when high pressures exceed 10,000 PSI 3. Erect barrier tape or temporary fencing at exclusion zone perimeter before commencing pressure washing 4. Position warning signs at exclusion zone entry points stating 'Pressure Washing in Progress - Authorised Personnel Only' 5. Assign dedicated spotter in high-traffic areas to monitor exclusion zone and prevent unauthorised entry 6. Establish communication protocols between operator and spotter using two-way radios or hand signals 7. Suspend operations if unauthorised persons enter exclusion zone until area is cleared 8. Brief all site personnel during toolbox talks on pressure washing exclusion zone requirements and hazards

Electrical Isolation and Minimum Clearance Distances

Elimination

Identify all electrical installations, services, and power sources in the pressure washing work area before commencing operations. Isolate and de-energise electrical equipment, circuits, and installations wherever possible eliminating electrocution hazards. Where isolation is not feasible, establish and enforce minimum clearance distances from energised electrical equipment. Cover electrical outlets, junction boxes, and exposed connections with waterproof protection preventing water ingress.

Implementation

1. Conduct pre-start electrical hazard assessment identifying all electrical installations within and adjacent to cleaning area 2. Request isolation of electrical circuits serving the work area through authorised electrical personnel where practicable 3. Verify isolation using appropriate testing equipment and apply lockout/tagout procedures preventing re-energisation 4. Establish minimum 3-metre clearance from overhead power lines for all pressure washing activities 5. Cover switchboards, electrical panels, outlets, and junction boxes with heavy-duty plastic sheeting secured with tape 6. Inspect covers ensuring complete waterproof seal before commencing pressure washing operations 7. Use only pressure washers equipped with GFCI/RCD protection when electrical isolation is not achievable 8. Prohibit pressure washing within 1 metre of any energised electrical equipment or exposed conductors

Water Containment and Slip Hazard Management

Engineering Control

Implement water containment systems to control discharge water preventing uncontrolled spreading across work areas and access routes. Use berms, temporary drainage, or absorbent materials to contain and direct water away from pedestrian paths. Clean up standing water promptly during operations. Position warning signage alerting personnel to wet and slippery conditions. Prohibit pressure washing on elevated surfaces without adequate edge protection and slip-resistant flooring.

Implementation

1. Install temporary berms or sandbag barriers to contain water run-off and direct it toward designated drainage points 2. Position industrial wet vacuum or sump pump to remove standing water during and after pressure washing operations 3. Deploy absorbent socks or booms around perimeter of work area to capture escaping water run-off 4. Place 'Wet Floor' warning signs at entrances to pressure washing areas and along affected access routes 5. Apply sand or absorbent materials to wet surfaces creating temporary slip resistance in unavoidable pedestrian zones 6. Rope off slippery areas until surfaces dry or can be safely cleaned and dried 7. Schedule pressure washing during periods of minimal site foot traffic where possible 8. Prohibit pressure washing on elevated platforms, scaffolds, or roofs without confirmed slip-resistant surfaces and edge protection

Pre-Operation Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Programme

Administrative Control

Establish mandatory pre-operation inspection procedures covering all pressure washer components including hoses, fittings, trigger guns, nozzles, pressure gauges, and safety devices. Maintain documented maintenance schedules addressing wear components, pressure testing of hoses, and calibration of pressure controls. Remove defective equipment from service immediately preventing use of compromised equipment that could fail during operation.

Implementation

1. Complete pre-start inspection checklist before each day's operations covering all pressure washer components 2. Inspect hoses for cuts, abrasions, soft spots, or damage to outer covering; check fittings for tightness and damage 3. Test trigger gun safety locks, triggers, and pressure relief mechanisms confirming proper function 4. Examine nozzles for wear, damage, or blockages; clean or replace worn nozzles before use 5. Verify pressure gauge provides readings and moves freely - compare with secondary gauge if available 6. Check engine oil level, fuel condition, and cooling system operation on petrol/diesel units 7. Test emergency shutdown systems and throttle controls ensuring operator can stop equipment immediately 8. Document inspection results including any defects identified and corrective actions taken 9. Apply red 'DO NOT USE' tags to any equipment failing inspection pending repair 10. Conduct quarterly pressure hose testing to 1.5 times working pressure verifying hose integrity

Personal Protective Equipment for Pressure Washing Operations

Personal Protective Equipment

Provide and mandate use of comprehensive PPE protecting operators from high pressure water injection, chemical exposure, noise, and projectile hazards. PPE must be appropriate for pressure levels and chemicals being used. Ensure waterproof garments provide both protection and adequate visibility through reflective elements. Verify eye protection is impact-rated and provides water splash protection without compromising visibility.

Implementation

1. Issue safety glasses with side shields rated for medium impact per AS/NZS 1337 or full face shields for operations exceeding 3,000 PSI 2. Provide waterproof protective clothing including jacket and trousers or coveralls protecting against water spray and chemical contact 3. Supply steel-capped safety boots per AS/NZS 2210 with slip-resistant soles and waterproof construction 4. Issue chemical-resistant gloves appropriate for cleaning agents being used - typically nitrile gloves for most cleaning solutions 5. Provide hearing protection rated Class 4 or Class 5 per AS/NZS 1270 for petrol/diesel equipment operation 6. Ensure high-visibility elements on waterproof clothing providing visibility in wet conditions 7. Inspect PPE condition weekly replacing damaged or degraded items immediately 8. Train operators in proper PPE use, limitations, and maintenance requirements specific to pressure washing hazards

Download complete control procedures

Personal protective equipment

Requirement: Medium impact rated per AS/NZS 1337, or full face shield for pressures exceeding 3,000 PSI

When: During all pressure washing operations to protect against water spray, chemical splashes, and dislodged debris projectiles

Requirement: Water-resistant jacket and trousers or full coveralls with sealed seams

When: Throughout pressure washing operations protecting against water spray, chemical contact, and maintaining dry working conditions

Requirement: Category 1 impact protection per AS/NZS 2210.3 with waterproof construction

When: During all pressure washing activities protecting feet from dropped equipment, water exposure, and providing slip resistance

Requirement: Nitrile or PVC construction per AS/NZS 2161.10.2 appropriate for chemicals in use

When: When handling cleaning chemicals, mixing solutions, or when pressure washing with chemical injection systems

Requirement: Class 4 or Class 5 rated per AS/NZS 1270 providing minimum 25dB noise reduction

When: When operating petrol or diesel pressure washers, or during extended operations with electric units in enclosed spaces

Requirement: P2 particulate respirator or organic vapour respirator depending on contaminants

When: When pressure washing in poorly ventilated areas with chemical cleaners, or when disturbing lead paint, asbestos, or other hazardous materials

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

  • ✓Inspect pressure washer for visible damage, leaks, or loose components; verify all guards and covers are in place
  • ✓Check high pressure hose for cuts, abrasions, kinks, or soft spots indicating internal damage; verify fittings are tight and undamaged
  • ✓Test trigger gun safety lock mechanism ensuring it engages automatically and prevents trigger activation when locked
  • ✓Examine nozzles for wear, damage, or blockages; confirm correct nozzle is selected for cleaning task and pressure being used
  • ✓Verify pressure gauge is functional and provides reading; compare with known accurate gauge if available
  • ✓Check fuel level, engine oil level, and cooling system operation on petrol or diesel units; verify adequate ventilation for exhaust
  • ✓Confirm water supply is adequate for equipment flow rate requirements; check inlet filter is clean and water source is free from debris
  • ✓Inspect work area identifying electrical hazards, underground services, overhead power lines, and areas requiring isolation or protection
  • ✓Verify exclusion zone barriers and warning signage are positioned preventing unauthorised access to pressure washing area
  • ✓Review weather conditions including wind direction that could affect spray control and water run-off management
  • ✓Confirm availability of water containment equipment, absorbent materials, and drainage solutions for run-off management
  • ✓Check all required PPE is available, in serviceable condition, and appropriate for the specific pressure washing task

During work

  • ✓Monitor operator positioning ensuring proper stance with firm footing on dry surfaces away from water run-off accumulation
  • ✓Verify exclusion zones remain secure with barriers intact and no unauthorised personnel entering active washing area
  • ✓Check trigger gun safety lock is engaged whenever operator is not actively spraying preventing unintentional discharge
  • ✓Monitor pressure gauge readings ensuring operation within approved pressure ranges for the surface and task
  • ✓Observe nozzle position ensuring operator maintains safe distance from surface being cleaned and never points at body parts
  • ✓Inspect water containment systems ensuring berms and barriers are functioning correctly and run-off is being properly directed
  • ✓Monitor for signs of equipment malfunction including unusual noises, vibration, pressure fluctuations, or water leaks
  • ✓Check hose routing ensuring it is not kinked, crossed over sharp edges, or positioned where it could be damaged or create trip hazards
  • ✓Verify electrical equipment and connections remain dry and protected; check RCD function if operating in wet conditions
  • ✓Monitor operator fatigue particularly during prolonged operations requiring sustained grip force and awkward postures
  • ✓Observe weather conditions suspending operations if high winds affect spray control or if electrical storms approach
  • ✓Verify all personnel in the work area are wearing appropriate PPE including eye protection, hearing protection, and waterproof clothing

After work

  • ✓Inspect equipment for damage incurred during operations including hose wear, fitting looseness, or component damage
  • ✓Clean nozzles removing any blockages or debris; store in protective case preventing damage
  • ✓Flush pressure washer with clean water if chemical cleaning agents were used preventing residue build-up and corrosion
  • ✓Drain remaining water from pump, hoses, and trigger gun preventing freezing damage in cold conditions and reducing corrosion
  • ✓Check and top up engine oil and fuel on petrol/diesel units; wipe down equipment removing dirt and moisture
  • ✓Inspect trigger gun safety lock confirming it still functions correctly after day's operations
  • ✓Remove barriers and warning signs from exclusion zones; clean up any remaining water, debris, or absorbent materials
  • ✓Properly dispose of contaminated water, chemical solutions, and cleaning waste according to environmental regulations
  • ✓Document any equipment defects, near-misses, or safety concerns in daily log including required maintenance actions
  • ✓Store pressure washer in secure, dry, well-ventilated area preventing unauthorised use and protecting from weather
  • ✓Coil hoses properly preventing kinks and damage; store off ground on hose reels or hangers
  • ✓Schedule maintenance actions identified during inspections ensuring defects are rectified before next use

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Pre-Operation Planning and Hazard Assessment

Conduct comprehensive site assessment identifying all hazards associated with the pressure washing task including electrical installations, underground services, overhead power lines, pedestrian traffic routes, and environmental sensitivities. Review surface material being cleaned ensuring selected pressure and nozzle type will not cause damage. Verify weather conditions are suitable - avoid pressure washing in high winds that affect spray control, during electrical storms, or in freezing conditions that create ice hazards from water discharge. Identify water source ensuring adequate supply for equipment flow requirements and that water quality is suitable (clean water free from debris that could damage pump). Plan water run-off management identifying drainage points and containment requirements. Notify affected parties including building occupants, adjacent workers, and site management regarding pressure washing operations, expected duration, and any access restrictions. Confirm emergency procedures are understood including equipment shutdown, first aid response for injection injuries, and communication protocols. Document the pre-operation assessment including identified hazards, required controls, and approvals obtained before commencing work.

Safety considerations

Identify and mark locations of underground electrical cables, gas lines, and water mains before pressure washing pavements or surfaces where high pressure water could penetrate into service trenches. Verify isolation procedures for electrical equipment that cannot be protected from water spray. Confirm exclusion zone requirements are adequate for site-specific conditions. Never commence pressure washing until all identified hazards have appropriate controls implemented and documented.

Equipment Inspection and Preparation

Complete detailed pre-start inspection using standardised checklist covering all pressure washer components. Inspect high pressure hose along entire length checking for cuts, abrasions, soft spots, bulges, or damage to outer cover. Flex hose while inspecting to identify internal wire reinforcement damage. Examine all hose fittings checking tightness and inspecting for cracks, corrosion, or damage. Test trigger gun safety lock mechanism by engaging lock and confirming trigger cannot be activated. Pull trigger with safety lock engaged - if water discharges, withdraw equipment from service immediately. Inspect trigger gun body for cracks, particularly around trigger pivot points. Examine nozzles for wear - worn nozzles produce irregular spray patterns and incorrect pressure delivery. Check nozzle orifices are clear using proper cleaning tools, never fingers. Verify pressure gauge is functional by starting equipment briefly and observing gauge movement. Check engine oil level, fuel condition, and air filter cleanliness on petrol or diesel units. Verify cooling system has adequate water/coolant. Test emergency stop controls ensuring equipment can be shut down immediately. Connect water supply and prime pump according to manufacturer procedures. Start equipment and allow to reach operating temperature. Check for leaks from all connections while equipment is pressurised. Adjust pressure regulator to required operating pressure for the specific cleaning task. Document inspection completion including any defects found and corrective actions taken.

Safety considerations

Never operate pressure equipment with damaged hoses, defective fittings, or malfunctioning safety devices. Hose failures under pressure cause violent whipping injuries and high pressure injection hazards. Test all safety mechanisms before commencing work. Ensure adequate ventilation when running petrol or diesel equipment preventing carbon monoxide accumulation particularly in enclosed or partially enclosed areas. Verify RCD protection is functional for electric pressure washers. Do not point equipment at any person during testing or start-up procedures.

Work Area Establishment and Exclusion Zone Setup

Establish physical exclusion zone around pressure washing work area based on equipment pressure and site-specific hazards. Install barrier tape or temporary fencing at minimum 5-metre radius for general operations, extending to 10 metres for ultra-high pressure operations or overhead work. Position warning signs at exclusion zone entry points clearly stating 'Pressure Washing in Progress - Authorised Personnel Only - High Pressure Water Hazard'. Cover or protect electrical installations including switchboards, outlets, junction boxes, and any exposed connections using heavy-duty waterproof plastic sheeting secured with tape ensuring complete seal. Protect adjacent surfaces, materials, or equipment that could be damaged by water spray or run-off. Install water containment systems including temporary berms, sandbag barriers, or absorbent booms around work area perimeter directing water toward designated drainage points. Position wet vacuum or sump pump equipment ready for water extraction during operations. Deploy 'Wet Floor' warning signs at approaches to work area. Brief any workers who will remain within or near the exclusion zone on pressure washing hazards, communication protocols, and emergency procedures. Assign spotter if work area is in high-traffic location to monitor exclusion zone and prevent unauthorised entry. Verify all site personnel have been notified of pressure washing operations through toolbox talk, site notice board, or direct communication with supervisors.

Safety considerations

Ensure exclusion zones account for reflected spray and dislodged debris which can travel beyond immediate washing area. Verify electrical isolation is complete and lockout/tagout procedures are in place before covering any energised equipment - never rely solely on waterproof covers for electrical safety. Confirm barriers are substantial enough to prevent accidental breach by vehicles or mobile plant. Ensure spotter has clear line of sight to work area and reliable communication method with equipment operator. Do not proceed if exclusion zone cannot be adequately established and maintained.

Safe Pressure Washing Operation and Surface Cleaning

Don all required PPE including safety glasses or face shield, waterproof clothing, safety boots, chemical-resistant gloves if using cleaning agents, and hearing protection. Verify trigger gun safety lock is engaged before picking up spray wand. Hold trigger gun firmly with both hands using designated grips - never support wand by placing hand near nozzle discharge. Position body with stable stance, feet shoulder-width apart on dry surface outside of water spray area. Point nozzle toward cleaning surface maintaining safe distance based on pressure and surface type - typically start at 30-40cm distance and adjust based on cleaning effectiveness. Never point nozzle at any part of your body, at other workers, or toward electrical installations. Disengage safety lock and gradually apply trigger pressure bringing equipment up to full flow smoothly. Move nozzle across surface using consistent overlapping passes maintaining even cleaning and preventing surface damage from concentrated stream contact. For vertical surfaces, work from bottom to top during application of cleaning chemicals, then top to bottom when rinsing to prevent streaking. Maintain awareness of hose position preventing kinks, ensuring it's not crossed over sharp edges, and keeping it clear of trip hazard locations. Adjust pressure and nozzle distance as required for different surface materials - reduce pressure for softer materials, painted surfaces, or areas around fragile components. Engage trigger safety lock whenever moving between cleaning locations, taking breaks, or stationary for more than 30 seconds. Never set down trigger gun while equipment is running without engaging safety lock. Monitor pressure gauge during operations ensuring it remains within approved range. Observe water run-off ensuring containment systems are functioning and water is flowing toward designated drainage points.

Safety considerations

Maintain constant awareness of nozzle direction - high pressure water injection injuries occur from momentary lapses in concentration. Never attempt to clear nozzle blockages while equipment is pressurised - shut down equipment, relieve pressure, and use proper cleaning tools. Be alert for hose whipping if sudden pressure loss or fitting separation occurs - release trigger and step away if unusual equipment behaviour is observed. Never place hands or body parts in front of or near water stream. Do not operate equipment whilst standing on wet or slippery surfaces - reposition to dry area. Avoid fatigue by taking regular breaks and alternating tasks - tired operators make mistakes leading to injuries.

Chemical Application and Specialised Cleaning Operations

If using chemical cleaning agents, review Safety Data Sheets confirming appropriate PPE, ventilation requirements, and emergency response procedures. Prepare chemical solutions according to manufacturer instructions using measuring equipment to ensure correct dilution ratios - never estimate chemical quantities. Add chemicals to water, not water to chemicals, when mixing concentrated solutions to prevent splashing and heat generation. Connect chemical injection system to pressure washer following manufacturer procedures. Test chemical delivery on inconspicuous area confirming compatibility with surface material and appropriate concentration. Apply chemical solution at low pressure settings (typically 500-1,000 PSI) using wider spray patterns (25-40 degree nozzles) to prevent surface damage and excessive chemical splashing. For vertical surfaces, work bottom to top during chemical application allowing even coverage and preventing streaking. Allow appropriate dwell time for chemical action based on product specifications and cleaning requirements - typically 5-15 minutes but verify with product data. Maintain wet surface during dwell time by reapplying chemical if required preventing surface drying. Switch to clean water supply and thoroughly rinse surface removing all chemical residue. For concrete and masonry, rinse from top to bottom flushing chemical residue away from building. Collect chemical-contaminated run-off water in containment systems for proper disposal according to environmental regulations. Never allow chemical-contaminated water to enter stormwater drains, waterways, or sensitive environmental areas. Monitor personnel for signs of chemical exposure including eye irritation, respiratory symptoms, or skin reactions. Ensure adequate ventilation throughout chemical application particularly in enclosed or semi-enclosed areas.

Safety considerations

Wear appropriate chemical-resistant gloves, face shield, and respiratory protection when handling concentrated cleaning chemicals. Ensure adequate ventilation when using chemical products preventing vapour accumulation. Have eye wash station or clean water supply readily accessible for emergency decontamination. Read Safety Data Sheets for all cleaning products before use understanding hazards, required controls, and first aid procedures. Never mix different cleaning products unless specifically approved by manufacturer - chemical reactions can produce toxic gases or dangerous heat. Store chemical containers securely preventing spills or unauthorised access. Be aware that chemical-contaminated surfaces become extremely slippery - enhance slip controls during chemical cleaning operations.

Work Area Management and Water Control During Operations

Continuously monitor water run-off ensuring containment systems are functioning correctly and water flows toward designated drainage points. Reposition berms or absorbent materials as required if water finds unintended flow paths. Operate wet vacuum or sump pump removing accumulated standing water from work area preventing excessive pooling and slip hazards. Monitor ground conditions adjusting cleaning techniques if water penetration is occurring that could affect soil stability, undermine pavements, or enter building substructures. Be alert for water entering doorways, windows, or building penetrations that should remain dry. Reposition or increase waterproof protection if spray is contacting areas intended to remain dry. Observe exclusion zone integrity ensuring barriers remain in place and warning signs are visible. Watch for unauthorised personnel approaching exclusion zone - suspend operations if necessary to prevent exposing others to hazards. Communicate with spotter if assigned using established signals or radio communication. Monitor equipment performance including engine operation, pressure stability, and water flow consistency. Listen for unusual noises indicating developing problems such as cavitation (indicating water supply restriction), knocking (possible component damage), or pressure fluctuations (possible blockages or worn components). Check hose and fittings periodically for leaks, movement, or stress. Adjust work pace and technique based on cleaning effectiveness - if surface is not cleaning adequately, evaluate whether pressure increase, nozzle change, chemical application, or different technique is required rather than simply increasing pressure beyond appropriate levels. Manage operator fatigue through task rotation, scheduled breaks, and ergonomic equipment handling techniques. Maintain awareness of changing conditions including weather, lighting levels, and work area congestion.

Safety considerations

Never allow water run-off to flow across electrical installations, junction boxes, or temporary power equipment even if protected. Suspend operations if water is not being adequately controlled and containment systems are overwhelmed. Be alert for undermining of pavements, retaining walls, or excavation edges from excessive water accumulation or infiltration. Monitor for signs of operator or bystander fatigue increasing injury risk. Ensure visibility is maintained - poor lighting conditions significantly increase hazards from slips, trips, and directional control of pressure equipment. Do not continue operations if weather conditions deteriorate to point where control of equipment is compromised.

Equipment Shutdown and Post-Operation Procedures

Release trigger and engage safety lock upon completion of cleaning operations. Allow equipment to run briefly at idle with no load purging remaining pressure from system. Activate shutdown procedure following equipment-specific steps - typically reducing throttle to idle, turning off fuel supply, and switching ignition to off position. For electric units, ensure trigger is released and safety lock engaged before disconnecting power. Relieve any remaining system pressure using pressure relief valve or by briefly pulling trigger with water supply disconnected and equipment off. Disconnect high pressure hose from trigger gun then from pump preventing pressure lock within hose. If chemical cleaning agents were used, flush entire system with clean fresh water preventing chemical residue build-up and corrosion of internal components. Reconnect hoses and run clean water through system for 5-10 minutes thoroughly flushing chemical traces. Drain remaining water from pump, hoses, and trigger gun particularly in cold weather preventing freezing damage. Wipe down equipment removing dirt, moisture, and chemical residues. Inspect equipment for damage noting any issues in maintenance log. Clean nozzles removing blockages and debris before storage. Check and top up engine oil if required. Verify fuel supply is adequate for next use or empty fuel tank if equipment will be stored long-term. Store pressure washer in secure, dry, well-ventilated location preventing unauthorised access and protecting from weather exposure. Coil hoses properly preventing permanent kinks and damage - store on hose reels or suspended on hangers off ground. Store trigger guns and nozzles in protective cases preventing damage. Remove barriers and warning signs from work area. Collect and properly dispose of contaminated water, chemical waste, and absorbent materials according to environmental regulations and site waste management procedures. Clean work area removing debris, standing water, and slip hazards. Inspect surfaces cleaned verifying quality meets requirements and identifying any areas requiring additional attention. Document work completed, equipment performance, and any maintenance requirements identified during operations.

Safety considerations

Ensure all pressure is relieved from system before disconnecting hoses or fittings - residual pressure causes violent hose whipping or uncontrolled water discharge. Wear appropriate PPE including safety glasses when draining equipment or relieving pressure. Properly dispose of chemical-contaminated water according to environmental regulations - never discharge to stormwater drains. If equipment shows signs of damage or develops defects during operations, tag with 'DO NOT USE' notice and report for maintenance before storage. Store equipment in manner preventing unauthorised use particularly by untrained personnel. Ensure fire safety when storing petrol or diesel units - adequate ventilation, separation from ignition sources, and appropriate fuel storage containers. Do not store in occupied buildings or near living spaces due to fuel vapour hazards.

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Frequently asked questions

What pressure settings are safe for different surface materials during pressure washing operations?

Surface material determines appropriate pressure settings to achieve effective cleaning without causing damage. Timber surfaces including decking and weatherboards should be cleaned at 500-1,200 PSI using 25-40 degree nozzles to avoid surface splintering and raised grain. Painted surfaces require 1,000-2,000 PSI with wide spray patterns preventing paint removal unless deliberately stripping old coatings. Brick and concrete surfaces tolerate 2,000-3,000 PSI for general cleaning, increasing to 3,000-10,000 PSI for heavy staining or coating removal. Rendered and cement sheet surfaces clean effectively at 1,500-2,500 PSI avoiding erosion of surface material. Vehicles and windows require gentle 500-1,500 PSI with 40-degree nozzles. Always test pressure on inconspicuous areas before proceeding with visible surfaces. Start with lower pressure and wider nozzles, increasing only if cleaning effectiveness is inadequate. Surface age and condition affects appropriate pressure - deteriorated materials require gentler treatment than new construction.

What immediate first aid is required if a high pressure water injection injury occurs?

High pressure injection injuries require immediate emergency medical treatment even if the entry wound appears minor, as delayed treatment leads to severe complications including tissue necrosis, infection, and potential amputation. Immediately shut down pressure equipment and call emergency services (000) specifying a high pressure injection injury. Do not attempt to clean or treat the wound on site. Keep injured person calm and still preventing additional tissue damage from movement. Support the injured limb in position of comfort. Do not apply pressure, squeeze, or attempt to express injected material from the wound. Cover wound with sterile dressing if available but do not bandage tightly. Monitor for shock symptoms including pale skin, rapid pulse, confusion, or loss of consciousness. Transport to emergency department immediately even if ambulance response will be delayed - these injuries are surgical emergencies requiring immediate intervention. Provide medical personnel with information about pressure level, type of fluid injected (water, chemical solution, oil), and time of injury. Injection injuries frequently appear innocuous at entry with small puncture wounds, but cause extensive internal tissue damage. Never delay treatment or adopt 'wait and see' approach - tissue damage progresses rapidly and early surgical intervention significantly improves outcomes.

What clearance distances must be maintained from overhead power lines during pressure washing operations?

Electrical clearance requirements for pressure washing near overhead power lines depend on the voltage classification and whether the work involves high or ultra-high pressure equipment. For low voltage overhead lines (under 1,000 volts), maintain minimum 3-metre clearance from any part of pressure washing equipment, hoses, or water stream. For high voltage lines (over 1,000 volts), increase clearance to minimum 6 metres. These distances account for water stream conductivity creating electrical pathway between energised conductors and ground. Before commencing pressure washing near overhead lines, contact the electricity provider requesting confirmation of voltage classification and whether temporary isolation or line protection can be implemented. Consider using lower pressure settings and more controlled spray patterns reducing likelihood of water stream extending into clearance zones. Position pressure washer operator to face away from power lines providing visual awareness of line location. Assign spotter to monitor operator position and equipment ensuring clearances are maintained throughout operations. Suspend pressure washing immediately if weather conditions including high winds affect ability to control water stream direction. Never assume overhead lines are insulated - treat all overhead wiring as bare energised conductors. If accidental contact with power lines occurs, do not touch equipment or attempt rescue until electricity provider confirms lines have been de-energised.

How should contaminated water run-off from pressure washing be managed to prevent environmental harm?

Contaminated water run-off from pressure washing requires containment and proper disposal preventing entry to stormwater drains, waterways, or sensitive environmental areas. Before commencing work, assess what contaminants will be mobilised including oils, fuels, heavy metals from paint, detergents, chemical cleaning agents, and general construction dirt. Install containment systems using temporary berms, sandbag barriers, or absorbent booms creating a controlled perimeter around work area directing all run-off toward collection points. Deploy wet vacuum equipment or sump pumps to actively collect contaminated water during operations. For heavily contaminated run-off containing oils, fuels, or chemical residues, water must be collected in appropriate containers and disposed through licensed liquid waste contractors - never discharge to sewer without approval from water authority. Moderately contaminated water from general dirt and construction residue may be discharged to sewer if approved by local water authority, or used for dust suppression on site after settlement of suspended solids. Filter collected water through sediment traps or settlement tanks removing solid particles before disposal. Deploy silt socks or filter fabric at stormwater drain entry points as secondary protection if containment is breached. Monitor weather forecasts and avoid pressure washing before forecast rain that could overwhelm containment systems. For work near waterways, rivers, or ecologically sensitive areas, implement additional protection including double containment, continuous monitoring, and emergency spill response equipment. Document run-off management procedures including disposal methods, quantities, and receiving facilities maintaining compliance with environmental protection requirements.

What maintenance schedule is required for high pressure washing equipment to prevent failures and maintain safety?

Comprehensive maintenance schedules prevent pressure equipment failures that create serious safety hazards whilst ensuring reliable performance. Daily pre-start inspections cover all hoses, fittings, trigger guns, nozzles, and safety mechanisms identifying wear or damage before commencing operations. Check engine oil levels, fuel condition, and air filter cleanliness on petrol/diesel units daily. Weekly maintenance includes thorough cleaning of inlet water filters preventing pump damage from debris, inspection of all high pressure connections for tightness and seal condition, and testing of pressure relief valves ensuring they activate at correct pressure settings. Lubricate pump components according to manufacturer schedules typically weekly or every 50 hours operation. Inspect spray nozzles for wear using gauge or comparing spray pattern to new nozzle - worn nozzles produce incorrect pressure delivery and irregular patterns. Monthly maintenance involves changing engine oil on petrol/diesel units (or per manufacturer hours-based schedule), inspecting spark plugs and replacing if fouled, checking fuel filters and replacing if restricted, and inspecting drive belts for wear, tension, and damage. Quarterly pressure testing of high pressure hoses verifies integrity before failure - test to 1.5 times working pressure following AS 4233 Pressure Equipment standards. Annually, conduct comprehensive inspection by qualified technician including pump seal inspection and replacement if leaking, pressure gauge calibration against certified test gauge, engine tune-up including carburetor adjustment or fuel injection service, and complete hose replacement if approaching manufacturer-specified service life. Document all maintenance activities including dates, actions performed, parts replaced, and any defects identified creating maintenance history supporting safety and reliability. Tag defective equipment with 'DO NOT USE' notices immediately preventing operation until repairs are completed.

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