Safe Work Method Statement

Concrete Pool Construction Safe Work Method Statement

Comprehensive Australian WHS Compliant SWMS

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Concrete swimming pool construction encompasses specialized construction processes creating permanent in-ground pool structures through excavation, structural shell formation, waterproofing, and finishing operations combining multiple trades and techniques. The work involves site excavation creating pool shell cavity and equipment access, installation of underground plumbing and electrical services, steel reinforcement placement for structural shell, concrete shell construction using either shotcrete (sprayed concrete) or conventional formed concrete methods, waterproofing membrane or additive application ensuring watertight integrity, interior surface finishing with tiles, pebble, or render finishes, and installation of pool equipment including filtration, heating, and control systems. Pool construction typically occurs in residential backyard locations with limited site access, proximity to existing dwellings and structures, underground services requiring careful excavation techniques, and often working in confined spaces or deep excavations. This Safe Work Method Statement addresses the unique hazards of pool construction including excavation collapse risks from working in trenches and shafts up to 3 metres deep, manual handling of heavy materials in confined spaces, working adjacent to underground services including water, sewerage, gas, and electrical conduits, shotcrete rebound and dust exposure, chemical hazards from waterproofing and surface finishing materials, and coordination of multiple specialist trades operating in restricted work areas.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Concrete swimming pool construction encompasses specialized construction processes creating permanent in-ground pool structures through excavation, structural shell formation, waterproofing, and finishing operations combining multiple trades and techniques. The work involves site excavation creating pool shell cavity and equipment access, installation of underground plumbing and electrical services, steel reinforcement placement for structural shell, concrete shell construction using either shotcrete (sprayed concrete) or conventional formed concrete methods, waterproofing membrane or additive application ensuring watertight integrity, interior surface finishing with tiles, pebble, or render finishes, and installation of pool equipment including filtration, heating, and control systems. Pool construction typically occurs in residential backyard locations with limited site access, proximity to existing dwellings and structures, underground services requiring careful excavation techniques, and often working in confined spaces or deep excavations. Concrete pool construction progresses through distinct phases beginning with site preparation and excavation creating the pool shell cavity to specified dimensions and depths typically ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 metres for residential pools. Steel reinforcement installation creates the structural framework for pool shells, with pool construction utilizing either shotcrete application where concrete is pneumatically sprayed at high velocity creating monolithic shell structures, or conventional formed concrete methods. The specialized nature of pool construction requires qualified pool builders with extensive experience and understanding of hydraulics, structural requirements, and finishes.

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Why this SWMS matters

Reinforce licensing, insurance, and regulator expectations for Concrete Pool Construction Safe Work Method Statement crews before they mobilise.

Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Excavation Collapse and Soil Instability in Pool Excavations

high

Pool excavations typically extend 1.5 to 2.5 metres depth creating trenches and shafts where soil collapse can bury workers causing asphyxiation or crush injuries within minutes. Residential excavations often encounter variable soil conditions including fill material, sandy soils with minimal cohesion, clay materials that crack when dry creating instability, and rock requiring different excavation techniques. Excavation sides can appear stable initially but collapse without warning when soil dries, water infiltration occurs, vibration from equipment or traffic affects stability, or additional loading from spoil piles placed near excavation edges. Workers entering excavations to install reinforcement steel, shotcrete nozzlemen working in excavations, and tradespeople installing plumbing and electrical services are all exposed to collapse risk. Excavations adjacent to existing structures including houses, fences, and retaining walls can undermine foundations causing structure movement or collapse. The confined nature of residential backyards limits excavation battering or sloping reducing natural stability, while space constraints often prevent benching excavation sides to safe angles. Underground water seepage commonly encountered during pool excavation saturates soil reducing strength and increasing collapse probability. Many pool excavations remain open for extended periods as construction progresses through multiple stages, with soil conditions deteriorating over days or weeks if weather causes drying or saturation.

Consequence: Worker burial from soil collapse causing asphyxiation and death, crush injuries including fractured limbs and internal trauma, property damage from adjacent structure undermining, project delays from excavation re-work

Falls into Unprotected Pool Excavations

high

Open pool excavations create fall hazards for workers and site visitors with depths commonly 1.5-2.5 metres resulting in serious injuries from impact with excavation base or reinforcement steel. Residential backyards where pools are constructed often contain children, visitors unfamiliar with site hazards, and homeowners accessing their properties creating high risk of unauthorized persons approaching or falling into excavations. Excavations remain open throughout construction duration typically 4-8 weeks allowing extended exposure period for fall incidents. Pool excavations have uneven profiles with steps, benches, and varying depths creating particularly high fall risk. Night time falls occur when excavations are not illuminated and site security fencing is inadequate. Workers moving materials, equipment, or reinforcement steel around excavation perimeters can lose balance and fall backward into excavations particularly when walking backward pulling materials. Excavation edges become unstable over time creating edge collapse risk for persons standing near excavations, with edge failure dropping workers into excavations without warning. Temporary fencing protecting excavations can be removed or displaced by workers requiring access or by unauthorized persons, leaving excavations unprotected.

Consequence: Serious injuries including spinal fractures, head trauma, and limb fractures from falls onto concrete base or reinforcement, potential fatality from fall onto sharpened reinforcement steel stakes, liability for injuries to children or visitors

Underground Service Strikes During Pool Excavation

high

Pool excavations in established residential properties commonly intersect underground services including water mains, sewer lines, stormwater pipes, gas supply lines, electrical conduits, telecommunications cables, and irrigation systems creating serious risks if services are struck during excavation. Water service strikes flood excavations creating drowning risk and property water damage, sewer strikes contaminate work areas with sewage creating health hazards and environmental violations, gas line strikes create explosion and fire risk with potential for catastrophic consequences affecting nearby houses, and electrical cable strikes cause electrocution risk to equipment operators and workers plus extended power outages. Services are often poorly documented on plans with actual locations varying from plans by several metres, service depths shallower than expected, or services not shown on plans at all particularly for telecommunications and irrigation systems installed by homeowners. Compact excavators used for pool excavation can penetrate services in single bucket movement without operator awareness until service rupture has occurred. Pressurized water and gas lines release contents rapidly after strike with high-pressure jetting creating additional hazards. Electrical cable strikes can energize excavator and surrounding metal equipment creating electrocution zones. Service location before excavation using service plans and locating equipment is essential but not always completely reliable with locators unable to detect non-metallic pipes or out-of-service infrastructure.

Consequence: Worker electrocution from striking live electrical cables, fire or explosion from gas line rupture affecting site and adjacent properties, drowning risk from major water main break flooding excavation, environmental contamination from sewer rupture, substantial repair costs and project delays

Manual Handling Injuries from Reinforcement and Materials in Confined Spaces

medium

Pool construction involves extensive manual handling of reinforcement steel, shotcrete equipment hoses, waterproofing materials, and finishing materials within the confined space of excavations with limited access and awkward working positions. Reinforcement steel bars up to 6 metres length weighing 15-25kg each must be carried, positioned, and tied into mats forming pool shell structure, with workers bending, reaching, and working in awkward postures throughout the steel fixing process lasting several days. The confined space of pool excavations prevents use of mechanical lifting aids for much of the work, requiring purely manual handling. Workers must climb in and out of excavations repeatedly throughout shifts using ladders creating additional manual handling of their own body weight. Shotcrete delivery hoses can be 75mm diameter weighing 5-8kg per metre requiring two workers to maneuver hoses into position and support hoses during spraying operations. Waterproofing materials in 20kg bags, tiling materials, and pebble finish materials must all be lowered into completed pools and distributed manually. The sustained nature of pool construction work over weeks creates cumulative fatigue and microtrauma to workers' backs, shoulders, and knees.

Consequence: Chronic back pain and disc injuries affecting long-term work capacity, acute strains from lifting excessive loads in awkward positions, knee injuries from kneeling on pool bases during steel fixing, repetitive strain injuries affecting shoulders and arms

Shotcrete Rebound and Silica Dust Exposure

medium

Shotcrete application involves spraying concrete at high velocity against vertical and overhead surfaces with significant material rebound creating dust clouds containing respirable crystalline silica. Shotcrete rebound rates typically range 15-30% depending on application angle and technique, with overhead spraying producing highest rebound. Silica dust exposure occurs throughout shotcrete application lasting 4-8 hours for typical residential pools, with nozzleman receiving highest exposure from proximity to spray application point. Shotcrete rebound accumulates on equipment, workers, and surrounding areas requiring cleanup that generates additional dust exposure. The confined space of pool excavations concentrates dust with limited natural ventilation preventing dispersion. Wet shotcrete rebounds at velocity striking workers causing impact injuries and coating workers and equipment with concrete requiring immediate cleaning to prevent cement burns. Crystalline silica dust is Group 1 carcinogen with occupational exposure causing silicosis, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory disease, with Australian workplace exposure standard of 0.05 mg/m³ easily exceeded during shotcrete operations without adequate controls.

Consequence: Silicosis and chronic respiratory disease from repeated silica exposure, acute respiratory irritation during shotcrete operations, cement burns from rebound material contact with skin, eye injuries from shotcrete rebound striking face

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Excavation Protection Using Shoring or Benching Systems

Engineering

Excavation protection prevents soil collapse through engineering controls including hydraulic shoring systems, trench boxes, or benching excavation sides to stable angles based on soil type. For pool excavations exceeding 1.5 metres depth in any dimension, engineering protection is mandatory under WHS regulations. Hydraulic shores comprising aluminum panels and hydraulic struts can be installed progressively as excavation deepens, providing continuous soil support. Benching involves cutting excavation sides to stepped profile with each step height maximum 1.2 metres and step width minimum equal to step height, creating stable soil profile particularly effective in cohesive clay soils. The selection of protection method considers soil conditions with shoring required in sandy or loose soils, site access constraints limiting equipment that can be used, excavation duration with longer-term excavations requiring more substantial protection, and cost considerations balancing protection investment against incident risk. Engineered excavation designs prepared by geotechnical engineer specify protection requirements based on soil testing and site-specific conditions, providing documented basis for protection measures and legal protection for principal contractor.

Implementation

1. Conduct geotechnical site assessment including soil type classification and water table depth determination before excavation 2. Engage geotechnical engineer to prepare excavation support design if excavation exceeds 1.5 metres depth or shows signs of instability 3. Install hydraulic shoring progressively as excavation reaches 1.5 metres depth, positioning shores maximum 1.2 metres apart vertically 4. For benched excavations, cut each bench at maximum 1:1 slope (45 degrees) in Type A soils, or 1:1.5 slope in Type B soils 5. Inspect excavation protection daily before workers enter excavations, checking for any shore movement, soil cracking, or water infiltration 6. Prohibit workers entering unprotected excavations exceeding 1.5 metres depth under any circumstances 7. Install additional protection if weather causes soil saturation or drying affecting excavation stability 8. Maintain shores in position until backfilling is complete and workers no longer require excavation entry 9. Document excavation protection installation with photographs showing protection measures before workers enter excavations 10. Provide worker training in excavation hazard recognition and requirements to not enter unprotected excavations

Comprehensive Underground Service Location and Protection

Elimination

Systematic service location before excavation eliminates the risk of underground service strikes through multiple verification methods including Dial Before You Dig (DBYD) plans, electronic service locating, and hand excavation verification. The process begins minimum 5 working days before planned excavation with DBYD enquiry lodged online covering the work site area, receiving service plans from all asset owners including water, sewer, stormwater, gas, electricity, telecommunications. Electronic service locators using electromagnetic detection equipment scan work areas identifying metallic services including most water, gas, and electricity services to depth of 2-3 metres, marking surface locations with spray paint or flags. Hand excavation using shovels or vacuum excavation at planned excavation locations exposes and verifies actual service positions before mechanical excavation commences, confirming service depths and exact locations. Non-conductive services including PVC water and sewer pipes require Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) scanning or careful hand excavation for location. Service protection during excavation requires exposed services to be supported using timber props or steel supports preventing service movement, isolated from excavation sides to prevent service damage if soil movement occurs, and clearly marked warning all workers of service presence. The elimination approach removes the hazard rather than controlling it, providing maximum risk reduction.

Implementation

1. Lodge Dial Before You Dig enquiry minimum 5 working days before excavation providing accurate site address and work area extent 2. Review DBYD service plans marking all indicated services on site using spray paint or pegs showing planned service locations 3. Engage qualified service locator to scan entire work area using electronic locating equipment minimum 24 hours before excavation 4. Mark located services on ground using different colored spray paint for each service type (blue water, yellow gas, red electricity, orange telecommunications) 5. Perform hand excavation or vacuum excavation at minimum 3 locations across planned pool area verifying service depths and positions 6. If located services conflict with pool design, engage relevant asset owner to relocate services or modify pool location before proceeding 7. Expose services along excavation perimeter using hand tools before mechanical excavation approaches within 500mm of indicated service locations 8. Support exposed services using timber props or steel supports, preventing service movement or damage during excavation 9. Prohibit mechanical excavation within 300mm of exposed services, requiring hand excavation for final clearance 10. Maintain exposed service protection throughout construction until backfilling is complete and services are re-covered

Excavation Edge Protection and Access Control

Engineering

Physical barriers around excavation perimeters prevent falls by workers and site visitors through continuous fencing creating secure separation between walking surfaces and excavations. The barrier system comprises temporary construction fencing minimum 1.8 metres height creating visual screen preventing inadvertent approach to excavation edges, structural integrity adequate to resist leaning or impact from persons without collapse, and self-closing gates at authorized access points maintaining protection when access is not required. Excavation barriers extend minimum 2 metres from excavation edges providing buffer zone preventing edge collapse from depositing workers into excavations. Signage on barriers indicates excavation hazard using standard warning symbols and text, identifies authorized personnel permitted excavation entry, and provides emergency contact information. After-hours security requires excavation barriers remain in position with gates locked preventing unauthorized access, site lighting if work areas are accessible, and security inspections verifying barrier integrity. The engineering control provides robust physical separation preventing fall incidents through passive protection not relying on human behavior or supervision.

Implementation

1. Install temporary fencing around complete excavation perimeter minimum 2 metres from excavation edge before excavation exceeds 1.0 metre depth 2. Use temporary fencing panels minimum 1.8 metres height with bases secured to ground using concrete blocks, star pickets, or ground anchors 3. Ensure fence panels are connected without gaps exceeding 150mm preventing children or animals entering excavation areas 4. Install warning signage on fencing at 10 metre intervals using AS 1319 compliant signs indicating excavation hazard 5. Create single controlled access gate in fencing using self-closing gate remaining shut when not actively in use 6. Position site amenities including toilets and worker facilities outside excavation fencing preventing workers crossing excavations to access facilities 7. Install battery-powered LED warning lights on fencing operating dusk-to-dawn during periods when excavation is open overnight 8. Conduct daily inspection of excavation fencing checking for displaced panels, damaged sections, or gaps in barrier system 9. Secure site at end of each work day verifying access gate is closed and locked preventing unauthorized entry after hours 10. Maintain fencing in position until excavation is backfilled or pool is completed eliminating fall risk

Respiratory Protection Program for Shotcrete Dust Control

PPE

Systematic respiratory protection prevents silica dust exposure during shotcrete operations through appropriate respirator selection, fit testing, training, and use monitoring addressing the unavoidable dust generated during concrete spraying. The program begins with respirator selection based on measured or anticipated dust exposure levels, typically requiring P2 disposable respirators providing minimum 94% filtration efficiency, or P3 reusable half-face respirators providing 99% filtration for extended shotcrete operations. Respirator fit testing ensures adequate face seal for each worker using qualitative fit testing methods verifying no leakage around respirator edges allowing unfiltered air entry. Worker training covers correct respirator donning procedures achieving proper seal, seal checking before each use confirming adequate fit, respirator limitations including facial hair preventing seal and requirement for replacement when breathing resistance increases, and storage requirements protecting respirators from damage and contamination. The program requires mandatory respirator use for all personnel in shotcrete work areas during active spraying with supervision monitoring compliance, availability of multiple respirator types accommodating different facial structures, and medical clearance verifying workers can safely wear respirators without respiratory or cardiovascular compromise.

Implementation

1. Provide P2 disposable respirators or P3 half-face respirators to all workers involved in shotcrete operations including nozzleman, ground crew, and nearby workers 2. Conduct fit testing for each worker before initial respirator use, using qualitative fit test method per AS/NZS 1715 requirements 3. Train workers in respiratory protection including correct donning procedure, seal check technique, and recognizing respirator failure signs 4. Require respirators be worn throughout shotcrete spraying operations and during cleanup of shotcrete rebound material 5. Implement clean-shaven policy for respirator users as facial hair prevents adequate seal allowing unfiltered dust bypass 6. Supply additional respirators during work shift allowing replacement if breathing resistance increases or respirator becomes damaged 7. Designate respirator storage area protected from concrete dust and damage, requiring workers to store respirators properly at breaks 8. Conduct supervisor monitoring of respirator use throughout shotcrete operations, correcting any improper use immediately 9. Arrange medical clearance for workers required to use respirators, verifying no respiratory or cardiovascular conditions preventing safe respirator use 10. Maintain respirator supply records documenting respirator issues to workers and replacement frequency as compliance evidence

Safe Work Procedures for Working in Confined Pool Excavations

Administrative

Documented safe work procedures for confined space entry ensure workers can enter and exit pool excavations safely with emergency rescue capability if incidents occur. While pool excavations may not constitute confined spaces under regulatory definitions if adequate ventilation and egress exist, deep pools with limited access require similar controls. Procedures establish entry requirements including atmospheric testing for oxygen levels and toxic gases if any concerns exist, continuous supervision by person outside excavation monitoring workers and able to initiate rescue, secure ladder access minimum 900mm extending above excavation edge providing three-point contact during climbing, maximum two workers in excavation simultaneously preventing overcrowding and egress blocking, and maximum 2-hour work periods in excavations before mandatory breaks reducing fatigue. Communication systems allow workers in excavations to signal need for assistance using two-way radios or visual signals to surface supervisor. Emergency rescue equipment including rescue harness and retrieval system allows non-entry rescue if worker becomes incapacitated in excavation, preventing rescuers entering and becoming additional casualties.

Implementation

1. Classify pool excavations as confined spaces if depth exceeds 2 metres or if access is restricted requiring specialized entry procedures 2. Conduct atmospheric testing using calibrated gas detector before worker entry if excavation has been closed overnight or shows any signs of poor ventilation 3. Install rigid ladder for excavation access meeting AS 1657 requirements, positioned at stable angle and secured at top preventing displacement 4. Assign competent person as entry supervisor positioned outside excavation with continuous visual contact with workers in excavation 5. Limit excavation occupancy to maximum two workers simultaneously, with additional workers waiting at surface for access 6. Establish work rotation requiring workers exit excavations every 2 hours for minimum 15-minute rest break at surface 7. Provide two-way radios to workers in excavations and entry supervisor allowing immediate communication if issues arise 8. Position emergency rescue equipment including retrieval tripod and fall arrest harness at excavation entry point for immediate use 9. Conduct emergency rescue drills before commencing pool construction, ensuring all workers know rescue procedures and can perform non-entry rescue 10. Prohibit solo working in excavations requiring minimum two workers on site whenever excavation entry is required

Download complete control procedures

Personal protective equipment

Hard Hat Class E with Chin Strap

Requirement: AS/NZS 1801 Type 1 Class E hard hat providing electrical insulation and impact protection

When: Mandatory for all workers in pool construction areas protecting against impacts from excavator buckets, falling soil or materials, and contact with excavation sides. Chin strap required when working in excavations preventing hard hat dislodgement when looking upward or bending forward. Provides electrical protection if underground electrical services are exposed.

Safety Boots Steel Toe with Penetration Resistance

Requirement: AS/NZS 2210.3 safety boots with steel toe caps and penetration-resistant midsole protecting against reinforcement steel penetration

When: Required for all pool construction work protecting against crush injuries from dropped materials, excavator bucket contact, and puncture injuries from reinforcement steel stakes projecting from pool bases. Penetration-resistant midsole essential when walking on reinforcement steel during steel fixing operations. Boots must have adequate ankle support for working on uneven excavation surfaces.

High Visibility Clothing Class D

Requirement: AS/NZS 4602.1 Class D high visibility vest or shirt providing daytime visibility to plant operators

When: Mandatory when excavators or other mobile plant operating in pool construction areas ensuring operator visibility of workers near excavations or in plant travel paths. Particularly critical in residential backyards where space is limited and workers must work near operating plant. Reflective components must be intact and garments clean for effectiveness.

Respiratory Protection P2/P3 for Shotcrete

Requirement: AS/NZS 1716 P2 disposable respirator (94% filtration) or P3 half-face respirator (99% filtration) for silica dust protection

When: Mandatory during all shotcrete spraying operations and cleanup of shotcrete rebound material. P3 respirators required for nozzleman and ground crew with highest exposure, P2 acceptable for workers in adjacent areas with lower exposure. Must be fit-tested per AS/NZS 1715 and seal checked before each use. Requires clean-shaven face for adequate seal.

Waterproof Gloves for Concrete Work

Requirement: Nitrile-coated or PVC gloves minimum 300mm length providing alkaline resistance and waterproof protection

When: Required during shotcrete operations, concrete finishing, waterproofing application, and any wet concrete contact. Protects against cement burns from concrete alkalinity (pH 12-13). Must be replaced immediately if coating is damaged exposing skin. Cotton gloves inadequate for wet concrete work as they absorb cement water increasing exposure risk.

Hearing Protection for Equipment Operation

Requirement: Class 4-5 earplugs or earmuffs per AS/NZS 1270 providing minimum 20 dB noise reduction

When: Required when operating or within 5 metres of excavators, shotcrete equipment, concrete saws, or other equipment generating noise exceeding 85 dB(A). Mandatory throughout shotcrete operations as air compressor and spray equipment typically exceed 95 dB(A). Must be worn consistently throughout noise exposure period not intermittently.

Safety Glasses with Side Shields

Requirement: AS/NZS 1337.1 safety glasses medium impact rated with side shields protecting against shotcrete rebound and flying debris

When: Required during excavation work protecting against flying soil and rock particles, mandatory during shotcrete operations protecting against rebound material, and during any cutting or grinding of pool materials. Face shield worn over safety glasses provides additional protection during shotcrete spraying operations.

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

✓Verify Dial Before You Dig service plans received and reviewed with all indicated services marked on ground using spray paint
✓Conduct electronic service location scanning across entire planned excavation area with located services marked using appropriate colors
✓Confirm excavation protection equipment available on site including hydraulic shores or materials for benching if required
✓Check excavation fencing and barriers are in position around work area with warning signage installed at entry points
✓Verify excavator operator holds appropriate license and machine has current inspection certificate and safety equipment operational
✓Inspect hand excavation tools available for service verification and final clearance excavation near located services
✓Confirm ladder for excavation access meets AS 1657 requirements and is in serviceable condition without damaged rungs
✓Verify first aid equipment accessible at site with emergency contact numbers displayed and site supervisor trained in first aid
✓Check atmospheric testing equipment available and calibrated if excavation will create confined space requiring entry
✓Conduct toolbox meeting reviewing excavation hazards, service locations, excavation protection requirements, and emergency procedures

During work

✓Monitor excavation sides continuously for any signs of instability including soil cracking, bulging, or water infiltration
✓Verify excavation protection installed progressively as excavation deepens, with shores positioned before workers enter excavations exceeding 1.5 metres
✓Observe hand excavation procedures followed when approaching within 500mm of indicated underground service locations
✓Check excavation edge barriers remain in position and intact throughout construction with no gaps or displaced panels
✓Ensure workers in excavations use ladder access rather than climbing excavation sides or jumping into excavations
✓Monitor shotcrete operations confirming all workers wear respiratory protection throughout spraying and cleanup operations
✓Verify atmospheric conditions remain safe if excavation creates confined space with testing conducted before each entry shift
✓Inspect reinforcement steel installation progresses per structural drawings with adequate concrete cover maintained to excavation sides
✓Check waterproofing application proceeds per manufacturer specifications with correct mixing ratios and application techniques followed
✓Observe housekeeping around excavation with spoil piles maintained minimum 2 metres from excavation edges preventing surcharge loading

After work

✓Conduct final excavation inspection before shell shotcrete application verifying reinforcement placement, service installation, and excavation cleanliness
✓Verify shotcrete application achieved specified thickness throughout pool shell with no voids or insufficient coverage areas
✓Inspect waterproofing installation complete per specification with appropriate curing time allowed before water fill testing
✓Conduct hydrostatic testing of completed pool shell filling to design level and monitoring water level over 7-14 days verifying no leakage
✓Check equipment installation complete including filtration, plumbing, electrical, and control systems tested and operational
✓Verify interior finishing work completed to specification with tiles, pebble, or render finishes properly installed and cured
✓Inspect backfilling around pool shell completed with adequate compaction preventing future settlement and maintaining drainage
✓Confirm all temporary excavation protection removed and site restored with fencing, landscaping, and access paths completed
✓Document pool construction completion with photographs, test certificates, and compliance documentation for building approvals
✓Conduct final site cleanup removing all construction materials, equipment, and waste with site left in clean condition for handover

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Underground Service Location and Verification

Begin pool construction with comprehensive underground service location minimum 5 working days before planned excavation. Lodge Dial Before You Dig enquiry online at www.1100.com.au providing accurate site address and extent of planned work area shown on site plan. Receive service plans from all asset owners including water authority, sewerage authority, electricity distributor, gas supplier, and telecommunications providers typically within 2-3 working days. Review service plans identifying all indicated services in work area, noting service types, depths, and proximity to planned pool location. Mark indicated service locations on ground using spray paint or pegs showing anticipated service paths across work area. Engage qualified electronic service locator to scan entire work area minimum 24 hours before excavation commences, using electromagnetic locating equipment detecting metallic services including water pipes, gas lines, electrical cables, and telecommunications conduits. Mark located services on ground using colored spray paint following industry standards: blue for water, yellow for gas, red for electricity, orange for telecommunications, and green for sewerage. Perform hand excavation or vacuum excavation at minimum three locations across planned pool area verifying actual service positions and depths, comparing excavated findings against plans and electronic location results. If significant discrepancies exist between plans and actual findings, conduct additional investigation resolving uncertainties before mechanical excavation commences. Photograph all service location markings and hand excavation findings creating records of service verification process. If services conflict with planned pool location, contact relevant asset owners arranging service relocation or modify pool position to avoid services. Only proceed with mechanical excavation after service locations are comprehensively verified and documented.

Safety considerations

Service location cannot guarantee 100% accuracy with services sometimes in different locations than plans indicate. Maintain high vigilance during excavation for unexpected services. If any service strike occurs, immediately cease excavation and implement emergency response procedures specific to service type struck. For electrical strikes call emergency services (000) and electricity provider emergency line before approaching equipment. For gas strikes evacuate area, call emergency services and gas provider, and eliminate ignition sources.

Excavation with Progressive Protection Installation

Commence mechanical excavation using compact excavator suitable for residential site access, typically 3-5 tonne machine with skilled operator holding current excavator license. Begin excavation at shallowest pool end progressively deepening toward deep end, allowing operator to maintain visual contact with excavation base throughout work. As excavation approaches within 500mm of any located services, cease mechanical excavation and complete service clearance using hand tools exposing services before excavator proceeds. Support any exposed services using timber props or steel supports preventing service movement during subsequent excavation. When excavation depth reaches 1.5 metres in any location, cease excavation and install excavation protection before further deepening. For shoring protection, position hydraulic shores across excavation at 1.2 metre spacing vertically, with panel faces hard against excavation sides providing continuous soil support. Alternatively for benched excavations, cut soil to stepped profile with each bench maximum 1.2 metres vertical height and minimum 1.2 metres horizontal depth, creating stable angle particularly effective in cohesive clay soils. Conduct daily excavation inspection each morning before workers enter excavations checking for any overnight changes including soil cracking, water infiltration, or shore movement indicating instability. Install perimeter fencing around excavation minimum 2 metres from excavation edges before excavation exceeds 1.0 metre depth, using temporary fencing panels creating continuous barrier preventing falls. Position spoil from excavation minimum 2 metres from excavation edges preventing surcharge loading that could trigger soil collapse. Maintain excavation dewatering using submersible pumps if groundwater infiltration occurs, preventing water accumulation in excavation base affecting soil stability and creating drowning hazard.

Safety considerations

Never permit workers to enter excavations exceeding 1.5 metres depth without adequate protection installed and inspected. Excavation conditions can change rapidly particularly after rain or during hot weather causing soil drying and cracking. Conduct excavation inspection after any weather event before permitting continued work. Ensure excavator operator maintains awareness of worker locations at all times using high visibility clothing and direct visual contact or radio communication.

Reinforcement Steel Installation and Pre-Shotcrete Preparation

Install structural reinforcement steel creating framework for concrete pool shell per structural engineering drawings. Begin with floor reinforcement mat comprising two layers of reinforcement bars typically 12-16mm diameter at 200-300mm spacing in both directions, with bottom mat positioned on cover spacers maintaining 50-75mm clearance from excavation base. Tie reinforcement intersections using tie wire creating rigid mat preventing movement during shotcrete application. Install wall reinforcement positioning vertical and horizontal bars to create two-layer mat maintaining specified concrete cover to excavation sides using plastic spacers. Install additional reinforcement around structural elements including pool steps, equipment recesses, and hydrostatic relief valves. Check reinforcement installation against structural drawings verifying bar sizes, spacing, and lap lengths comply with specifications. Ensure adequate concrete cover maintained to all surfaces using cover spacers positioned at 1 metre intervals preventing steel contact with excavation sides or base. Install underground plumbing services including main drains, skimmer box connections, return lines, and equipment supply lines, coordinating plumbing positions with reinforcement to avoid conflicts. Position electrical conduits for pool lights and equipment power supplies ensuring conduits pass through reinforcement without cutting bars or compromising cover. Clean excavation base removing any loose soil, debris, or water ensuring clean surface for shotcrete bond. Dampen excavation surfaces using water spray providing moisture for shotcrete application and reducing rebound but avoiding saturated conditions creating muddy surfaces. Conduct final inspection before shotcrete application verifying all reinforcement, services, and preparation work complete and correct.

Safety considerations

Reinforcement steel creates puncture hazards with bar ends typically cut at 45-degree angles creating sharp points. Workers must wear penetration-resistant safety boots when walking on reinforcement. Install temporary caps on vertical reinforcement bar ends where workers could fall onto steel. Limit number of workers in excavation during steel fixing to two maximum preventing overcrowding and ensuring adequate emergency egress via ladder. Supervise all excavation entry ensuring workers use ladder rather than jumping into excavations or climbing sides.

Shotcrete Application and Shell Formation

Apply shotcrete forming monolithic pool shell structure using pneumatic spraying technique. Position shotcrete pump and air compressor at ground level with delivery hoses extending into excavation to nozzleman position. Qualified nozzleman wearing full PPE including P3 respirator, waterproof clothing, gloves, and face shield directs shotcrete spray onto pool surfaces beginning at deep end and working toward shallow end. Maintain optimal nozzle angle between 75-90 degrees to surface minimizing rebound while achieving adequate compaction and density. Apply shotcrete in continuous passes building thickness to specified depth typically 150-200mm for residential pools, maintaining uniform thickness throughout shell. Direct shotcrete spray to fully encapsulate reinforcement steel eliminating voids and achieving specified concrete cover to all surfaces. Ground crew member assists nozzleman by managing delivery hose preventing hose kinks or snags while maintaining safe distance from spray rebound zone. Monitor shotcrete consistency throughout application adjusting mix water content if material becomes too dry causing excessive rebound or too wet causing slumping. Complete entire pool shell shotcrete application in single continuous operation typically lasting 4-8 hours for standard residential pools, preventing cold joints that would compromise waterproofing. Clean shotcrete rebound from surrounding areas immediately after completion while material is still workable, using shovels to collect rebound for disposal. Screed and finish shotcrete surfaces to specified profile and texture using hand floats and trowels, working systematically across pool surfaces as shotcrete reaches appropriate finishing condition. Implement concrete curing regime immediately after finishing using water spray or curing compound application maintaining moisture for minimum 7 days strength development.

Safety considerations

Shotcrete operations create high silica dust exposure requiring mandatory respiratory protection for all personnel in or near excavation. Verify all workers wear fitted and seal-checked P2 or P3 respirators before commencing spraying. Shotcrete rebound strikes surfaces with significant velocity causing impact injuries if workers positioned in rebound path. Maintain safe separation between nozzleman and ground crew. Monitor air quality during extended shotcrete operations in deep pools where natural ventilation may be limited. Provide fresh air breaks every hour for workers in excavation during shotcrete application.

Waterproofing and Interior Finishing

Apply waterproofing system to concrete pool shell ensuring watertight integrity after shotcrete has cured minimum 7 days and achieved adequate strength. For cementitious waterproofing systems, apply multiple coats of waterproofing slurry per manufacturer specifications typically requiring 2-3 coats at specified coverage rates with drying time between coats. Ensure complete coverage of all pool surfaces including walls, floor, steps, and equipment penetrations, paying particular attention to construction joints, service penetrations, and corners where leakage commonly occurs. For crystalline waterproofing admixtures mixed into shotcrete during application, verify adequate shotcrete density and proper curing has occurred activating crystalline formation within concrete pores. Conduct hydrostatic testing after waterproofing cure period filling pool to design water level and monitoring for minimum 7-14 days recording water level daily. Calculate acceptable water loss accounting for evaporation based on pool surface area and ambient conditions, with actual water loss exceeding calculated evaporation indicating leakage requiring investigation and repair. If leakage is identified, drain pool and conduct leak detection using visual inspection or specialized equipment locating leak sources, repair leaks using appropriate waterproofing materials, and re-test to verify repairs effective. Apply interior finish to pool surfaces after waterproofing testing confirms watertight integrity. For tiled finishes, apply tiles using waterproof adhesive and grout ensuring complete coverage without voids. For pebble finishes, apply pebble aggregate embedded in colored render base creating textured natural appearance. For rendered finishes, apply multiple render coats building to specified thickness and achieving smooth uniform surface. Allow appropriate curing time for finishing materials per manufacturer specifications before filling pool with water and commissioning equipment.

Safety considerations

Waterproofing materials often contain chemicals causing skin and respiratory irritation requiring PPE including waterproof gloves, safety glasses, and respiratory protection if ventilation is inadequate. Read Safety Data Sheets for all waterproofing products identifying specific hazards and required controls. Interior finishing work in completed pool shells creates confined space conditions requiring atmospheric testing before entry if ventilation is inadequate. Ensure adequate ventilation during finishing work using mechanical ventilation if natural ventilation is insufficient. Limit workers in pool during finishing to maximum two workers maintaining adequate emergency egress capability.

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Frequently asked questions

Do I need a confined space entry permit for working in pool excavations?

Pool excavations may require confined space entry procedures depending on depth, access, and ventilation conditions per WHS Regulation 2011 confined space definitions. A confined space is defined as an enclosed or partially enclosed space not designed for continuous human occupancy, with limited means of entry or exit, and risk of hazardous atmosphere, engulfment, or other serious harm. Pool excavations typically have adequate ventilation and multiple egress routes when shallow, but deeper pools exceeding 2 metres depth with restricted ladder access may meet confined space criteria particularly if atmospheric hazards could develop. Factors triggering confined space classification include excavation in contaminated land where soil gases could accumulate, excavations in waterlogged soil producing oxygen-deficient atmosphere, excavations adjacent to sewerage infrastructure creating methane risk, and any excavation where natural ventilation is restricted by covers or adjacent structures. If confined space classification applies, formal entry procedures include atmospheric testing before entry verifying oxygen concentration 19.5-23%, combustible gas below 5% LEL, and toxic gas below exposure limits, continuous atmospheric monitoring during occupancy if hazards could develop, standby person monitoring entry at all times able to initiate rescue without entering space, and emergency rescue equipment positioned for immediate use. Many contractors apply confined space controls to all pool excavations exceeding 1.5 metres depth as precautionary approach even if formal confined space classification is uncertain, recognizing the relatively low cost of additional controls compared to risk of inadequate protection. The key consideration is that persons outside excavations can effectively monitor and rescue workers inside excavations without entering themselves, which requires adequate lighting, communication systems, and retrieval equipment. Engage safety advisor to assess specific site conditions if confined space classification is uncertain, as incorrect classification can create serious liability exposure if incidents occur.

What qualifications do I need to operate a shotcrete nozzle for pool construction?

Shotcrete nozzle operation for pool construction requires specific training and experience though no mandatory licensing exists in most Australian jurisdictions. Competent nozzleman qualifications typically include Certificate III in Concreting or equivalent with shotcrete specialization modules, or extensive practical experience under supervision of qualified nozzlemen demonstrated through work history and references. Industry best practice requires minimum 2-3 years general concrete experience before commencing shotcrete training, as nozzlemen must understand concrete behavior, finishing requirements, and quality indicators. Shotcrete training covers nozzle operation technique including optimal spray angle, distance, and patterns, recognition and control of rebound based on material consistency, achieving uniform thickness and proper compaction, encapsulating reinforcement without voids, and troubleshooting equipment issues during operations. The Australian Shotcrete Society provides training and certification programs recognized by industry as demonstrating nozzleman competency, though certification is voluntary not mandatory. Liability insurance for pool construction often requires nozzlemen to hold recognized qualifications or demonstrate minimum experience years, with some insurers specifying Australian Shotcrete Society certification or equivalent. The principal contractor must verify nozzleman competency before permitting shotcrete operations, through checking certifications, references from previous projects, or requiring supervised trial application demonstrating proficiency. Documentation of nozzleman qualifications should be maintained in project files demonstrating due diligence in competency verification. For workers learning shotcrete techniques, supervised apprenticeship under experienced nozzleman provides practical skill development, with progression to independent nozzleman role only after demonstrating consistent quality outcomes and safe work practices. Shotcrete for pool shells is structural work requiring high quality consistent technique, as defects including voids, inadequate reinforcement cover, or insufficient thickness compromise structural integrity and waterproofing creating costly failures after pool completion. Clients should verify builder employs qualified nozzlemen rather than attempting shotcrete application using general concreters without specialized shotcrete training and experience.

How do I verify excavation is safe before workers enter the pool excavation?

Daily excavation safety verification before worker entry requires systematic inspection covering soil stability, atmospheric conditions, access equipment, and environmental factors. The inspection begins with visual examination of excavation sides from surface checking for soil cracking particularly near excavation edges indicating developing instability, any visible soil movement or slumping since previous day, water infiltration or seepage affecting soil strength, or any changes to excavation protection including shore movement or bench edge crumbling. Check that perimeter fencing remains intact without gaps or displaced panels preventing unauthorized access. Verify that spoil piles and materials are positioned minimum 2 metres from excavation edges preventing surcharge loading. Inspect access ladder confirming it extends minimum 900mm above excavation edge, is secured at top preventing displacement, has undamaged rungs and stiles, and is positioned at safe angle 75 degrees from horizontal. For excavations potentially classified as confined spaces, conduct atmospheric testing using calibrated multi-gas detector before entry, verifying oxygen concentration 19.5-23%, combustible gas below 5% LEL, and toxic gases below exposure standards. Document inspection findings in site diary or dedicated excavation inspection log recording date, inspector name, conditions observed, and approval decision. Do not permit worker entry if any adverse conditions are identified until remedial action is completed and re-inspection confirms conditions are safe. After significant weather events including heavy rain or extended hot dry periods, conduct additional inspection as these conditions dramatically affect excavation stability. Brief workers entering excavation about inspection findings, any restrictions on work activities, and emergency procedures if conditions deteriorate during work. Assign competent person as excavation supervisor remaining at surface throughout work period monitoring excavation and able to initiate emergency response if soil movement or collapse occurs. If at any time during work excavation conditions change indicating developing instability, immediately evacuate workers and re-inspect before permitting re-entry. Excavation safety cannot be assumed to persist unchanged over time, requiring daily verification before entry and continuous monitoring during occupancy providing fundamental protection against excavation collapse which remains one of construction industry's most serious hazards.

What testing is required to verify the pool is waterproof before finishing?

Hydrostatic testing provides conclusive verification of pool waterproofing integrity before interior finishing commences, preventing expensive remediation after finishes are installed obscuring access to shell for repairs. The hydrostatic test involves filling completed pool shell to design water level using potable water, marking precise water level reference point using surveyor's level or laser level establishing datum for water loss measurement, and monitoring water level daily over test period minimum 7-14 days recording level measurements accurately. Calculate acceptable water loss from evaporation using formula: Daily evaporation (mm) = Pool surface area (m²) × Evaporation rate (mm/day) based on ambient temperature and humidity conditions, with typical evaporation rates 3-6mm/day in Australian conditions varying seasonally. Compare actual measured water loss against calculated evaporation, with actual loss exceeding calculated evaporation by more than 20% indicating leakage requiring investigation. For example, a 40m² pool with 5mm/day evaporation rate should lose approximately 200 litres daily, with actual loss exceeding 240 litres indicating potential leakage. If leakage is suspected, extend test period to verify trend with persistent excess water loss confirming leakage versus temporary effects. Drain pool and conduct leak detection using visual inspection of entire pool shell looking for damp spots, staining, or cracks, and testing suspect areas using moisture meters or thermal imaging identifying leak sources. Common leak locations include construction joints between pour sections, service penetrations for plumbing and lighting, cracks in concrete shell from settlement or thermal movement, and inadequate waterproofing coverage in corners or complex profiles. Repair identified leaks using appropriate waterproofing products matched to leak mechanism, with structural cracks requiring epoxy injection or similar structural repair, membrane defects requiring additional waterproofing coats, and penetration leaks requiring specialized sealing products. Refill pool after repairs and repeat hydrostatic test verifying repairs effective and water loss is within evaporation limits before proceeding with interior finishing. Some pool builders conduct hydrostatic test twice: first test after initial waterproofing application confirming shell integrity before finishing, and second test after finishing completion confirming installed finishes did not damage waterproofing during installation. Testing protocols should be documented in project specifications with hold points preventing finishing work commencing until waterproofing testing is successfully completed and documented. Photographic documentation of test setup, water level measurements, and test results provides objective evidence of waterproofing verification for warranty purposes and future reference if leakage issues develop. While hydrostatic testing requires 1-2 weeks adding to project duration and water costs, the assurance provided far exceeds costs compared to post-completion leak repairs requiring destructive removal of finished surfaces.

Overview

Concrete pool construction progresses through distinct phases beginning with site preparation and excavation creating the pool shell cavity to specified dimensions and depths typically ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 metres for residential pools. Excavation is performed using compact excavators suitable for residential access, with spoil removal coordinated to minimize impact on surrounding property. Underground service location and protection is critical before excavation as pools commonly intersect existing water, sewerage, stormwater, and utility services requiring relocation or protection. Excavation base preparation includes installation of drainage systems, structural base layer, and compaction ensuring adequate bearing capacity for pool shell loads. Steel reinforcement installation creates the structural framework for pool shells with reinforcement typically comprising 12-16mm diameter bars at 200-300mm spacing forming two-layer mats in pool floor and walls, with additional reinforcement around structural elements including steps, ledges, and equipment recesses. Pool construction utilizes either shotcrete application where concrete is pneumatically sprayed at high velocity creating monolithic shell structures without formwork requirements, or conventional formed concrete where plywood or steel formwork contains poured concrete particularly for complex pool shapes. Shotcrete application by qualified nozzlemen requires specialized equipment including concrete pumps, air compressors, and spray nozzles, producing shells in single continuous operations typically lasting 4-8 hours for standard residential pools. Waterproofing of concrete shells uses either cementitious waterproofing membranes applied as coatings, or integral crystalline waterproofing admixtures mixed into concrete, with testing requirements including hydrostatic testing filling completed shells and monitoring water levels over 7-14 days to verify watertight integrity. Interior finishing transforms structural shells into functional pools through application of tiles, aggregate pebble finishes, or rendered finishes providing desired aesthetics and surface texture. Pool equipment installation includes filtration pumps, chemical dosing systems, heating equipment, lighting, and automated control systems requiring coordination between pool builders, plumbers, and electricians. The specialized nature of pool construction requires qualified pool builders with extensive experience and understanding of hydraulics, structural requirements, and finishes, typically operating as specialist subcontractors on residential building projects.

Why This SWMS Matters

Pool construction incidents result in serious injuries and fatalities in Australian construction with excavation collapse events causing burial and crush injuries, falls into excavations causing impact trauma and sometimes fatality, manual handling injuries from repetitive heavy material handling in confined spaces, and struck-by incidents from excavators operating in restricted residential properties. Safe Work Australia identifies excavation work as high-risk construction work requiring documented risk management, with pool excavations presenting particular risks due to depths often exceeding 1.5 metres and location in residential areas with underground services. Recent prosecutions following pool construction incidents have resulted in fines exceeding $500,000, with one Victorian case involving a worker fall into unsecured excavation resulting in spinal injuries producing a $400,000 fine against the principal contractor for inadequate SWMS and excavation protection. The legal requirement for comprehensive SWMS stems from WHS Regulation 2011 classification of excavation work exceeding 1.5 metres depth as high-risk construction work, combined with confined space risks when workers enter deep pool excavations with limited egress. Pool construction also involves high-risk electrical work for underwater lighting and equipment installation, structural concrete work creating permanent building structures, and work at height when scaffolding is used for shotcrete application in deep pool ends. The combination of hazards across multiple trades in confined residential work areas creates complex risk environment requiring detailed risk assessment and control documentation. Beyond regulatory requirements, effective pool construction SWMS protect businesses from liability for structural failures, with inadequate waterproofing or structural design causing pool shell cracking, water loss, and potential property damage to adjacent structures from water migration. Professional indemnity insurers require documented construction processes including waterproofing testing and structural certification, with SWMS providing evidence of systematic quality assurance. The specialized techniques including shotcrete application demand documented procedures ensuring consistent quality outcomes and worker competency verification.

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After ControlsLow

Key Controls

• Pre-start briefing covering hazards
• PPE: hard hats, eye protection, gloves
• Emergency plan communicated to crew

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Concrete Pool Construction Safe Work Method Statement

What this SWMS covers

Why this SWMS matters

Hazard identification

Excavation Collapse and Soil Instability in Pool Excavations

Falls into Unprotected Pool Excavations

Underground Service Strikes During Pool Excavation

Manual Handling Injuries from Reinforcement and Materials in Confined Spaces

Shotcrete Rebound and Silica Dust Exposure

Control measures

Excavation Protection Using Shoring or Benching Systems

Comprehensive Underground Service Location and Protection

Excavation Edge Protection and Access Control

Respiratory Protection Program for Shotcrete Dust Control

Safe Work Procedures for Working in Confined Pool Excavations

Personal protective equipment

Hard Hat Class E with Chin Strap

Safety Boots Steel Toe with Penetration Resistance

High Visibility Clothing Class D

Respiratory Protection P2/P3 for Shotcrete

Waterproof Gloves for Concrete Work

Hearing Protection for Equipment Operation

Safety Glasses with Side Shields

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

During work

After work

Step-by-step work procedure

Underground Service Location and Verification

Excavation with Progressive Protection Installation

Reinforcement Steel Installation and Pre-Shotcrete Preparation

Shotcrete Application and Shell Formation

Waterproofing and Interior Finishing

Frequently asked questions

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Overview

Why This SWMS Matters

Concrete Pool Construction SWMS Sample

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