Comprehensive SWMS for Chemical and Manual Weed Control in Landscapes

Weed Control Safe Work Method Statement

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Weed control encompasses the management and elimination of unwanted vegetation in landscaped areas, agricultural settings, industrial sites, and public spaces using chemical herbicides, manual removal methods, mechanical cultivation, and integrated weed management strategies. This landscaping activity involves assessing weed infestations, selecting appropriate control methods, mixing and applying herbicide products, operating spray equipment, manual hand-weeding and tool use, and implementing follow-up treatments. Weed control work presents specific hazards including chemical exposure from herbicide products, spray drift affecting non-target areas and persons, heat stress during outdoor application work, manual handling and repetitive strain from sustained weeding, and environmental risks from chemical contamination. This SWMS addresses comprehensive safety requirements for weed control operations in accordance with Australian WHS legislation, agricultural chemical regulations, and environmental protection requirements.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Weed control is a fundamental landscape maintenance activity involving the suppression and elimination of unwanted plants competing with desired vegetation for water, nutrients, light, and space. Weed management strategies include chemical control using selective or non-selective herbicides, manual removal through hand-pulling or tool use, mechanical control using cultivation or mulching, and biological control through competitive planting or introduction of natural enemies. The selection of control methods depends on weed species present, infestation severity, proximity to desirable plants, site characteristics including soil type and slope, environmental sensitivity of the location, and client preferences regarding chemical use. Chemical weed control using herbicides represents the most common method for large-scale weed management due to effectiveness and efficiency compared to manual methods. Herbicide products include non-selective systemic herbicides like glyphosate killing all vegetation contacted, selective herbicides targeting specific weed types while preserving desirable plants, pre-emergent herbicides preventing weed seed germination, and residual herbicides providing extended weed suppression. Product selection requires understanding of target weed species, growth stage for optimal control, potential damage to non-target plants, soil residual characteristics, and environmental considerations including proximity to waterways. All herbicide use must comply with product label directions which are legally enforceable under agricultural chemical legislation. Herbicide application methods vary with site scale and accessibility. Boom sprayers mounted on tractors or vehicles apply herbicides to large areas including roadsides, parks, and agricultural settings with application rates of 100-500 litres per hectare depending on target weeds and product specifications. Knapsack sprayers allow selective application in garden beds, around trees and structures, and in areas inaccessible to vehicles, with typical tank capacities of 15-20 litres requiring frequent refilling. Hand-held trigger spray bottles suit small spot treatments of individual weeds in paved areas or garden beds. Wiper applicators using herbicide-saturated sponges contact taller weeds while avoiding low-growing desirable plants. Each application method requires specific technique training, calibration knowledge, and safety procedures. Manual weed control involves hand-pulling, hoeing, and use of specialized weeding tools to physically remove weeds before seed set. Manual methods suit organic production areas prohibiting chemical use, locations too sensitive for herbicide application including near waterways or children's play areas, and small-scale infestations where chemical application is impractical. Manual weeding requires identifying weeds at early growth stages for easier removal, removing entire root systems preventing regrowth, and disposing of weed material before seed maturation. The sustained bending, kneeling, and repetitive grasping motions create significant musculoskeletal stress, particularly during extended weeding sessions. Weather conditions critically affect herbicide application success and safety. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed influence spray droplet behavior, product efficacy, and drift potential. Applications should occur during mild conditions (15-25°C), low wind speeds (under 15 km/h), and moderate humidity (40-60%) for optimal results. High temperatures increase volatilization of some herbicides creating vapor drift hazards and reduced effectiveness. Wind causes spray drift contaminating non-target areas including neighboring properties, water bodies, and sensitive vegetation. Rain within hours of application can wash off foliar herbicides before absorption occurs, requiring repeat applications. Applicators must monitor weather conditions continuously and cease work when conditions become unsuitable. Weed control operations occur across diverse settings: residential and commercial landscapes requiring selective treatments preserving desirable plants; industrial sites and construction areas where total vegetation removal may be acceptable; roadside and railway corridor vegetation management involving large-scale applications; agricultural settings controlling weeds in crops and pastures; and parks and public spaces where environmental sensitivity and public safety are paramount. Work may be contracted to specialized vegetation management companies holding appropriate licenses, or performed by in-house maintenance teams. Operators applying herbicides in commercial settings require appropriate training and certification under state-based agricultural chemical regulations.

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Why this SWMS matters

Chemical exposure from herbicide products creates serious health risks through skin contact, inhalation of spray droplets or vapors, accidental ingestion, and eye contact. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide, can cause skin irritation, eye damage from concentrated product contact, and nausea if ingested. The surfactants added to glyphosate formulations are often more toxic than the active ingredient, causing severe eye damage and skin irritation. Residual herbicides including pre-emergent products contain active ingredients that can cause allergic dermatitis with repeated skin contact. Some selective herbicides contain hormone-type chemicals (auxin analogues) that are highly toxic to broadleaf plants and can cause drift damage to gardens and crops at extremely low concentrations. Proper chemical handling requires understanding toxicity characteristics, using appropriate PPE, preventing skin contact through chemical-resistant gloves and clothing, and immediate first aid if exposure occurs. Agricultural chemical regulations require operators to undergo training in safe handling practices and environmental protection before being permitted to apply herbicides commercially. Spray drift represents a significant environmental and liability risk during herbicide application. Wind can carry fine spray droplets hundreds of metres from application sites, causing damage to neighboring properties, contamination of organic crops losing certification, harm to sensitive native vegetation, and pollution of waterways affecting aquatic ecosystems. Hormone herbicides used for broadleaf weed control in lawns are particularly problematic due to extreme sensitivity of many garden plants to microscopic doses. Drift damage has resulted in substantial legal claims against applicators for crop losses, garden damage, and organic certification violations. Safe Work Australia and environmental protection agencies require specific controls preventing drift: application only during low wind conditions (under 15 km/h), use of appropriate nozzles producing larger droplets less prone to drift, maintaining adequate buffer zones from sensitive areas, and avoiding application during temperature inversions when spray can be carried unexpected distances. Some jurisdictions prohibit herbicide application within specified distances of waterways, organic farms, or sensitive vegetation. Heat-related illness affects weed control operators during sustained outdoor work in Australian summer conditions. The combination of heavy physical work carrying spray equipment, full PPE coverage including long sleeves and chemical-resistant clothing reducing heat dissipation, direct sun exposure in open areas with limited shade, and inadequate hydration creates severe heat stress risk. Knapsack sprayers weighing 15-20kg when full, plus protective clothing, increase metabolic heat generation. Chemical-resistant clothing prevents sweat evaporation, the body's primary cooling mechanism, compounding heat accumulation. Applicators focused on coverage and avoiding drift may not recognize early heat stress symptoms including excessive sweating, fatigue, and reduced concentration. Progression to heat exhaustion or heat stroke can occur rapidly if work continues without cooling breaks and fluid replacement. Proper heat stress management requires work scheduling during cooler periods, mandatory rest breaks in shaded areas, adequate hydration protocols including electrolyte replacement, and training in heat illness recognition. Musculoskeletal injuries from manual weeding result from sustained awkward postures and repetitive movements during hand-pulling and tool use. Extended periods kneeling, squatting, or bending to access ground-level weeds create loading on knee joints, lumbar spine, and shoulder structures. The repetitive gripping and pulling motions required to extract weeds and roots strain hand and forearm muscles leading to conditions including tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and trigger finger. Large-scale manual weeding projects may require 6-8 hours of sustained ground-level work over multiple days, creating cumulative trauma to musculoskeletal structures. The pressure to complete work within quoted timeframes can lead to working through pain and fatigue, exacerbating injury development. Proper manual weeding protocols require ergonomic tools reducing grip force and awkward positions, task rotation to vary posture demands, scheduled rest breaks, and realistic project timelines preventing excessive work duration. Environmental contamination from improper chemical handling damages ecosystems and violates environmental protection legislation. Herbicide spills during mixing concentrate product, potentially contaminating soil and groundwater if occurring on permeable surfaces. Excess spray solution disposal into stormwater drains pollutes waterways affecting aquatic organisms and downstream water users. Inadequate equipment cleaning leads to concentrated rinse water being disposed improperly. Container disposal in general waste allows residual herbicide to leach from landfills. Environmental protection regulations require specific handling procedures: mixing on impermeable surfaces with spill containment, disposing excess spray by applying to labeled areas at appropriate rates, triple-rinsing empty containers and applying rinse water through spray equipment, and returning empty containers to chemical collection programs. Non-compliance can result in prosecution, substantial fines, and environmental remediation costs.

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Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Chemical Exposure During Herbicide Mixing and Application

High

Herbicide products pose exposure risks through skin contact with concentrated or diluted formulations, inhalation of spray droplets or vapors during application, accidental ingestion from contaminated hands or food, and eye contact from splashing during mixing or spray drift during application. Concentrated herbicides are significantly more hazardous than diluted spray solutions, with glyphosate concentrate causing severe eye damage and skin irritation. Surfactants added to herbicide formulations often have higher toxicity than active ingredients. Operators experience greatest exposure during mixing operations when pouring concentrated product, and during application when spray equipment malfunctions or wind conditions cause backspray onto the operator.

Consequence: Severe eye damage including corneal burns from concentrated herbicide splash requiring immediate medical treatment and potentially permanent vision impairment; chemical burns to skin from prolonged contact with concentrated product; allergic dermatitis from repeated skin exposure leading to sensitization and future reactions; respiratory irritation from inhaled spray mist causing coughing and breathing difficulty; nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal distress if product is ingested; chronic health effects including potential carcinogenic risk from long-term repeated exposure to some herbicide products.

Spray Drift Affecting Non-Target Areas and Organisms

Medium

Wind can carry fine herbicide spray droplets from intended application areas to neighboring properties, sensitive vegetation, waterways, and public areas. Drift potential increases with wind speed, small droplet size from fine spray nozzles, application height above target vegetation, and volatile herbicide formulations. Hormone-type selective herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA) are particularly problematic due to extreme sensitivity of many broadleaf plants to microscopic doses. Drift can damage neighboring gardens, contaminate organic crops causing loss of certification, harm native vegetation in conservation areas, and pollute waterways affecting aquatic ecosystems. Temperature inversions create atmospheric conditions carrying spray unexpected distances even in apparently calm conditions.

Consequence: Legal liability for crop damage to neighboring agricultural operations with compensation claims potentially exceeding tens of thousands of dollars; loss of organic certification for nearby farms contacted by herbicide drift with multi-year financial impacts; damage to sensitive garden plants in residential areas creating neighborhood disputes and compensation claims; environmental harm to waterways and native vegetation with potential prosecution under environmental protection legislation; reputational damage affecting business viability if recurring drift problems become known.

Heat Stress from Protective Clothing and Outdoor Work

High

Herbicide application requires wearing full protective clothing including long-sleeved shirts, long pants, chemical-resistant gloves, and often face shields or respirators. This PPE coverage combined with carrying heavy knapsack sprayers (15-20kg when full), sustained physical activity during application, and direct sun exposure creates severe heat stress risk particularly during Australian summer conditions. Chemical-resistant clothing prevents sweat evaporation, the body's primary cooling mechanism, causing rapid heat accumulation. Operators may not recognize early heat stress symptoms when focused on completing application before weather conditions deteriorate. Dehydration from inadequate fluid replacement compounds heat stress effects.

Consequence: Heat exhaustion presenting with profuse sweating, weakness, nausea, headache, and dizziness requiring immediate work cessation and cooling measures; progression to heat stroke if symptoms not recognized and work continues, involving loss of sweating, confusion, seizures, and unconsciousness requiring emergency medical treatment; acute kidney injury from severe dehydration and heat stress; reduced concentration and impaired judgment increasing risk of chemical exposure errors; chronic kidney damage from repeated heat stress episodes over career duration.

Musculoskeletal Strain from Manual Weeding and Equipment Carrying

Medium

Manual weeding requires sustained awkward postures including prolonged kneeling, squatting, and forward bending to access ground-level weeds. Repetitive gripping and pulling motions to extract weeds create strain on hand, wrist, and forearm structures. Carrying knapsack sprayers weighing 15-20kg creates loading on shoulders, back, and legs, particularly when walking over uneven terrain or sloping sites. The combination of sustained posture and repetitive movement over extended work periods (4-8 hours) creates cumulative musculoskeletal stress. Time pressure to complete large areas within quoted timeframes may prevent adequate rest breaks.

Consequence: Chronic lower back pain and disc degeneration from sustained forward bending and load carrying; knee joint pain and cartilage damage from prolonged kneeling on hard surfaces; shoulder pain and rotator cuff tendinitis from carrying heavy spray equipment; hand and wrist conditions including carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, and trigger finger from repetitive gripping and pulling; acute back strain from loss of balance or slipping while carrying heavy equipment requiring immediate medical treatment and time off work.

Equipment Malfunction and Pressure Spray Injuries

Medium

Spray equipment operates under pressure (typically 200-400 kPa for knapsack sprayers) to deliver herbicide through nozzles. Pressure system failures including hose ruptures, connection failures, or nozzle blockages can cause high-pressure chemical spray directed at operators. Attempting to clear blocked nozzles without first releasing pressure can result in concentrated herbicide spray to face and eyes. Pump failures in knapsack sprayers can cause sudden pressure release spraying chemical onto operator. Trigger mechanisms failing in locked-on position cause uncontrolled spraying. Equipment maintenance neglect including perished hoses, damaged seals, and corroded connections increases malfunction likelihood.

Consequence: High-pressure herbicide spray to eyes causing chemical burns and potential permanent vision damage if not treated immediately; chemical spray to face and mouth causing chemical burns and potential ingestion; soaking of protective clothing with concentrated herbicide allowing prolonged skin contact and chemical absorption; environmental contamination from large-volume uncontrolled discharge; equipment damage requiring expensive replacement of components or complete units.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Substitution to Lower-Toxicity Herbicide Products

Substitution

Replace higher-toxicity herbicide products with lower-risk alternatives where efficacy permits. Substitute concentrated liquid herbicides requiring mixing with ready-to-use (RTU) formulations in trigger spray bottles for small-scale applications. Select herbicide products with reduced environmental impact including shorter soil persistence and lower aquatic toxicity. Choose formulations with low-drift characteristics including thickened or gelled products less prone to wind dispersal. Where manual weeding is feasible for small infestations, eliminate chemical use entirely.

Implementation

1. Review current herbicide inventory and identify high-risk products including Class 6 dangerous goods or products with high toxicity ratings 2. Research lower-toxicity alternatives providing equivalent weed control: for example, substitute hormone herbicides with alternative selective products 3. For spot treatment applications under 50m², substitute concentrated herbicides requiring mixing with ready-to-use trigger spray bottles 4. Select glyphosate formulations marketed as low-drift or non-volatile instead of standard formulations 5. Specify pre-emergent herbicides with shorter soil persistence (3-6 months) instead of extended residual products (9-12 months) where repeat applications are acceptable 6. Choose granular herbicide formulations instead of spray applications for situations where spray drift risk is unacceptable 7. Implement manual weeding for small-scale infestations (under 10m²) eliminating chemical exposure entirely 8. Review efficacy of substituted products through small-scale trials before full implementation 9. Update chemical register, SDS collection, and training materials to reflect substituted products 10. Dispose of replaced high-risk products through chemical collection programs, never general waste

Spray Application Weather Monitoring and Drift Controls

Administrative Control

Implement mandatory weather monitoring before and during herbicide application. Cease work when wind speed exceeds product label specifications (typically 15 km/h), or when temperature inversions are present indicated by still air and temperature increasing with height. Use appropriate spray nozzles producing larger droplets less prone to drift. Maintain buffer zones from sensitive areas including waterways, organic farms, and residential properties. Apply at lowest effective boom height or by directed spot treatment minimizing drift potential.

Implementation

1. Equip all application teams with handheld anemometer measuring wind speed and recording maximum and average readings 2. Check weather conditions before commencing work and record wind speed, temperature, humidity, and cloud cover in application log 3. Monitor continuously during application; cease immediately if wind speed exceeds 15 km/h or conditions become gusty 4. Observe smoke or dust movement to identify wind direction and potential drift pathway toward sensitive areas 5. Never apply during temperature inversion conditions: identified by still air, fog or dew slow to clear, smoke hanging low to ground 6. Select spray nozzles producing droplets in Very Coarse to Extremely Coarse range (>400 microns); avoid fine spray nozzles 7. Calibrate spray equipment to deliver product at lowest effective application rate reducing total herbicide used 8. Maintain minimum buffer zones: 10m from waterways, 50m from organic certified properties, 20m from residential gardens (adjust per product label) 9. For sensitive situations, use spot treatment with hand wand instead of boom sprayer to minimize drift potential 10. Document all weather observations and application details in treatment records for compliance verification

Enclosed Mixing Station and Spill Containment

Engineering Control

Establish dedicated herbicide mixing station on impermeable surface with spill containment capacity. Provide eye wash station with clean water for emergency decontamination. Mix chemicals in well-ventilated area or outdoors away from sensitive areas. Use measuring equipment specifically marked for chemical use. Provide spill kit containing absorbent materials, containment products, and disposal bags for managing spills.

Implementation

1. Designate herbicide mixing area on concrete pad or impermeable surface away from drains and waterways (minimum 20m setback) 2. Provide spill containment such as large tray or portable bund capable of holding 110% of largest container volume being mixed 3. Install eyewash station within 10m of mixing area: plumbed station or 20L portable unit with clean water changed weekly 4. Ensure adequate ventilation: outdoor location or large garage with open doors/windows providing air flow 5. Provide dedicated measuring equipment: measuring jugs, funnels, pourers marked 'HERBICIDE USE ONLY' and never used for other purposes 6. Establish spill kit location containing: absorbent granules or pads, containment boom for liquid spills, heavy-duty disposal bags 7. Post safety signage: 'HERBICIDE MIXING AREA', 'WEAR REQUIRED PPE', and eye wash location indicator 8. Provide hand washing station with soap and clean water for removing contamination before eating or drinking 9. Store all herbicides in locked cabinet or storage area at mixing station preventing unauthorized access 10. Develop written procedure for spill management including containment, cleanup, and disposal of contaminated materials

Heat Stress Prevention During Application Work

Administrative Control

Schedule herbicide application during cooler periods avoiding peak heat. Implement mandatory rest breaks in shaded areas. Provide adequate cool drinking water and electrolyte replacement. Acclimatize new workers gradually to hot conditions while wearing full PPE. Train workers to recognize heat stress symptoms. Allow self-pacing and additional breaks without penalty. Monitor workers for signs of heat illness.

Implementation

1. Schedule herbicide application to commence at 6-7am during summer months, ceasing by 11am before peak temperatures 2. Monitor Bureau of Meteorology forecasts; reschedule work when maximum temperatures forecast to exceed 32°C 3. Implement mandatory 10-minute rest breaks every 45 minutes in shaded area when working in temperatures exceeding 28°C 4. Provide minimum 5 litres cool drinking water per worker accessible at mixing station and carried to application areas 5. Supply electrolyte replacement drinks for consumption during rest breaks on high-temperature days 6. Establish acclimatization protocol for new workers: limit to 50% normal work duration first 3 days when wearing full PPE in hot conditions 7. Train all workers to recognize heat stress symptoms: excessive sweating, weakness, nausea, headache, dizziness, reduced sweating (danger sign) 8. Implement buddy system requiring workers to monitor each other for heat stress symptoms 9. Allow workers to self-pace and take additional breaks if experiencing symptoms without pressure to maintain productivity 10. Provide portable shade structures (gazebos) for rest areas on large sites lacking natural shade 11. Schedule adequate project duration to allow work during cooler conditions rather than forcing application during unsuitable weather

Equipment Maintenance and Pre-Application Inspection

Administrative Control

Implement documented maintenance schedule for all spray equipment. Conduct pre-application inspection before each use verifying equipment integrity. Replace worn components including hoses, seals, and nozzles before failures occur. Maintain equipment register showing service history and next maintenance due dates. Remove defective equipment from service immediately with 'DO NOT USE' tagging.

Implementation

1. Develop maintenance schedule for each spray equipment item: knapsack sprayers serviced annually, boom sprayers serviced every 6 months 2. Complete pre-application inspection checklist verifying: hoses free from cracks or perishing, all connections tight and not leaking, pressure gauge functioning, pump operates smoothly, nozzles not blocked or worn 3. Test pressure relief valve before each use ensuring it releases at correct pressure preventing over-pressurization 4. Replace spray hoses every 2 years regardless of apparent condition as perishing may be internal 5. Replace nozzles when flow rate increases 10% above specification indicating wear affecting spray pattern 6. Inspect seals and gaskets for deterioration; replace if hardened or showing signs of chemical degradation 7. Maintain equipment register for each unit showing: purchase date, service history, component replacement dates, next service due 8. Apply 'DO NOT USE' tag to any equipment failing inspection and remove from site preventing use 9. Clean all equipment thoroughly after each use: flush with clean water, drain completely, rinse components removing chemical residue 10. Store equipment in cool, dry location protected from direct sun preventing UV degradation of hoses and seals

Personal Protective Equipment for Herbicide Application

Personal Protective Equipment

Provide comprehensive PPE including chemical-resistant gloves, protective clothing, face shield or goggles, and respiratory protection appropriate to products being used. Ensure PPE is selected based on Safety Data Sheet recommendations and worn correctly during all mixing and application activities. Provide facilities for decontamination and clean PPE storage.

Implementation

1. Provide chemical-resistant nitrile gloves (AS/NZS 2161.10.2) with extended cuffs for all herbicide mixing and equipment filling operations 2. Supply long-sleeved shirts and long pants constructed from tightly-woven fabric providing barrier to spray contact 3. Provide chemical-resistant apron worn over clothing during mixing operations protecting against concentrated chemical splashes 4. Issue full-face shield or chemical splash goggles (AS/NZS 1337) worn during mixing and when applying near or above head height 5. Provide wide-brimmed hat protecting neck and ears from spray drift during outdoor application work 6. Supply chemical-resistant boots or boot covers preventing herbicide contact with footwear and feet 7. For products requiring respiratory protection per SDS, provide half-face respirator with P2 particulate filters (minimum) or combination P2/organic vapor for volatile products 8. Ensure all workers trained in correct PPE donning sequence and inspection before use 9. Provide washing facilities for PPE decontamination after each use: hose-down area with collection sump 10. Designate clean storage for PPE separated from contaminated work clothing; never store contaminated PPE in vehicle cabin 11. Replace PPE showing signs of chemical contamination, deterioration, or damage immediately 12. Provide laundering service for protective clothing or instruct workers to wash separately from household clothing using hot water cycle

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Personal protective equipment

Requirement: Extended cuff nitrile construction per AS/NZS 2161.10.2, minimum 380mm length

When: During all herbicide mixing, equipment filling, and application activities; during equipment cleaning and maintenance

Requirement: Tightly-woven cotton or cotton-polyester blend providing barrier to chemical contact

When: During all herbicide application activities and equipment handling to protect skin from spray contact and drift

Requirement: PVC or rubber construction with extended coverage to knees

When: During herbicide mixing operations and when filling spray equipment to protect against concentrated chemical splashes

Requirement: Full face shield per AS/NZS 1337 or chemical splash goggles with indirect ventilation

When: During all mixing operations; during spray application near or above head height; when clearing blocked nozzles

Requirement: Minimum 75mm brim width providing protection to face, ears, and neck

When: During all outdoor herbicide application work for protection against sun exposure and spray drift to head area

Requirement: Rubber or PVC boots, or boot covers worn over work boots

When: During mixing operations and application work to prevent herbicide contact with feet and footwear

Requirement: Half-face respirator fitted with P2 particulate filters minimum, or P2/organic vapor combination

When: When applying products requiring respiratory protection per SDS; in confined areas with poor ventilation; when applying dust or granular formulations

Requirement: Class D day/night per AS/NZS 4602.1

When: When applying herbicides near roadways or in areas with vehicle traffic to maintain visibility to drivers

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

✓Review Safety Data Sheets for all herbicide products to be used confirming PPE requirements and environmental precautions
✓Check weather forecast for temperature, wind speed, and precipitation; reschedule if unsuitable conditions predicted
✓Inspect all spray equipment for leaks, damaged hoses, worn nozzles, and functional pressure relief valves
✓Calibrate spray equipment if not done within past month ensuring accurate application rates
✓Verify adequate stock of required PPE including gloves, protective clothing, eye protection for all workers
✓Ensure eyewash station is filled with clean water and accessible at mixing area
✓Check availability of spill kit materials and cleanup equipment at mixing station
✓Survey application area for sensitive vegetation, waterways, or structures requiring buffer zones or protection

During work

✓Monitor weather conditions continuously using anemometer; cease work if wind exceeds 15 km/h or becomes gusty
✓Check for signs of spray drift affecting non-target areas; adjust application method or cease work if drift observed
✓Monitor workers for heat stress symptoms particularly when wearing full PPE in warm conditions
✓Verify equipment continues operating correctly without leaks or malfunction during application
✓Ensure workers are wearing required PPE correctly and replace any PPE showing signs of contamination or damage
✓Check spray pattern and coverage quality ensuring adequate weed contact without excessive application
✓Monitor hydration practices ensuring workers consume adequate fluids during sustained work
✓Verify herbicide is being applied only to target areas and buffer zones are being maintained

After work

✓Clean all spray equipment thoroughly: flush with clean water, rinse all components, drain completely
✓Apply rinse water from equipment cleaning to labeled application area at appropriate rate, never to drains or waterways
✓Triple-rinse all empty herbicide containers and add rinse water to spray tank for application
✓Decontaminate all PPE: hose down gloves, apron, boots before removal; wash protective clothing separately from household items
✓Inspect all equipment after cleaning noting any damage or wear requiring maintenance before next use
✓Dispose of any contaminated materials (paper towels, absorbent from spills) in accordance with regulations, never in general waste
✓Return any unused mixed herbicide to appropriate storage or apply to labeled areas; never dispose via drains
✓Document application details including areas treated, products used, volumes applied, weather conditions, and any incidents
✓Store all equipment and chemicals in secure locked location preventing unauthorized access

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Weed Assessment and Treatment Planning

Conduct site survey identifying weed species present, infestation severity, location in relation to desirable vegetation, and proximity to sensitive areas including waterways, organic properties, or environmentally significant areas. Photograph weed infestations for documentation. Identify weed species using field guides or reference resources to confirm species and optimal treatment timing. Determine appropriate control method based on weed species, growth stage, site characteristics, and client preferences. For chemical control, select herbicide product providing effective control of target species while minimizing non-target impacts: non-selective products (glyphosate) for total vegetation removal; selective products for weed control in lawns or garden beds; pre-emergent products for preventing weed germination in clean areas. Review product label for application rate, spray volume, timing requirements, environmental restrictions, and required PPE. Calculate quantities required based on treatment area and label rates. Develop application plan showing treatment areas, buffer zones from sensitive areas (minimum 10m from waterways, 20m from residential gardens for hormone herbicides), weather requirements, and work sequence. Schedule work for appropriate weather conditions: mild temperatures (15-25°C), low wind (under 15 km/h), no rain forecast for 6-24 hours depending on product. Obtain any required permits or notifications for herbicide use in environmentally sensitive areas or public spaces.

Safety considerations

Review SDS for all products to be used identifying hazards, required PPE, and first aid procedures before commencing work. Check weather forecast confirming suitable conditions will exist for duration of planned work. Identify sensitive areas requiring buffer zones and plan application to prevent drift or runoff contamination. Verify workers hold current herbicide application training and certification if required by state regulations. Ensure adequate PPE and emergency equipment available before proceeding.

Equipment Preparation and Pre-Application Inspection

Select appropriate spray equipment for application scale and site characteristics: knapsack sprayer (15-20L capacity) for garden beds, spot treatments, and areas inaccessible to vehicles; boom sprayer for large-scale applications to turf or open areas; trigger spray bottles for small spot treatments. Conduct pre-application inspection using checklist: examine all hoses for cracks, cuts, or perishing indicating replacement needed; check all connections are tight and sealing washers are present; verify pressure gauge functions correctly; test pump operation by filling tank with clean water and pressurizing system; inspect spray pattern from all nozzles ensuring even distribution without blockages or excessive wear; test pressure relief valve opens at correct pressure (typically 400 kPa for knapsack units); verify trigger or control valve operates smoothly without sticking. Replace any worn or damaged components before proceeding: spray hoses replaced every 2 years; nozzles replaced when flow rate increases 10% above specification; seals and gaskets replaced if showing hardening or deterioration. Calibrate spray equipment to ensure accurate application rates: mark measured area (e.g., 10m x 10m), fill spray tank with water, spray measured area at normal walking speed and spray pressure, measure volume used, calculate application rate in L/ha, adjust pressure or nozzles if rate does not match label requirement. Document calibration results in equipment log. Clean exterior of spray equipment removing any residual chemical from previous use that could contaminate new herbicide or cause applicator exposure.

Safety considerations

Conduct equipment inspection in well-ventilated area or outdoors. Wear gloves when handling equipment potentially contaminated with herbicide residue. Test pressure relief valve before pressurizing tank preventing over-pressure equipment damage. Never attempt to clear blocked nozzles with mouth - use clean water and soft brush only. Ensure all equipment is functioning correctly before mixing expensive herbicide preventing waste from equipment failure. Apply DO NOT USE tag to any equipment failing inspection.

Personal Protective Equipment Preparation

Assemble all required PPE before commencing mixing operations. Don PPE in correct sequence to ensure complete protection: long-sleeved shirt and long pants as base layer; chemical-resistant apron worn over clothing protecting torso and upper legs during mixing; rubber or PVC boots or boot covers protecting feet; wide-brimmed hat for sun and spray protection; chemical-resistant nitrile gloves with extended cuffs (minimum 380mm length) ensuring glove cuffs extend over shirt sleeves creating overlap preventing chemical running onto skin; face shield or chemical splash goggles protecting eyes and face. Inspect all PPE before donning: gloves checked for tears, splits, or chemical contamination by filling with water and observing for leaks; face shield or goggles cleaned ensuring clear visibility; apron inspected for cracks or deterioration compromising chemical resistance; boots checked for holes or damaged soles. Replace any damaged PPE before proceeding. Ensure face shield or goggles seal properly to face preventing chemical entry. Verify glove cuffs overlap shirt sleeves without gaps. Check all PPE is comfortable and allows full range of movement required for work - poorly fitting PPE may be removed by workers compromising protection. For products requiring respiratory protection per SDS, don half-face respirator with appropriate filters (P2 minimum for particulates, combination P2/organic vapor for volatile products) after completing fit check ensuring proper seal. Position eyewash station and spill kit within easy reach of mixing area before commencing.

Safety considerations

Never proceed with herbicide mixing or application without complete required PPE. Face shield or goggles must be worn for all mixing operations providing eye protection against splashes. Ensure eyewash station is accessible within 10m of mixing area for emergency decontamination if chemical enters eyes. Verify gloves are chemical-resistant to specific herbicide being used - some products require different glove materials. Train all workers in correct PPE donning sequence and inspection procedures. Remove and replace any PPE becoming contaminated during work preventing prolonged skin contact with herbicide.

Herbicide Mixing and Equipment Filling

Conduct all mixing operations at designated mixing station on impermeable surface with spill containment and eyewash station access. Review product label immediately before mixing confirming application rate, spray volume, and any mixing precautions. Partially fill spray tank with clean water to approximately one-third to one-half capacity before adding herbicide concentrate - adding water first prevents foaming and allows better mixing. Using dedicated measuring equipment (never use for any other purpose), carefully measure required quantity of herbicide concentrate according to label rate and planned application area. Pour herbicide concentrate into spray tank slowly and steadily, holding containers close to tank opening to prevent splashing. If product foams excessively during pouring, pause allowing foam to subside before continuing. Rinse measuring equipment with clean water, adding rinse water to spray tank. Add remaining water to spray tank filling to desired final volume, leaving 10-15% air space in tank for pressure system operation. Secure tank lid tightly. Agitate mixed herbicide by gently swirling or rocking tank to ensure thorough mixing - some products separate if left standing. Wipe any spilled chemical on tank exterior using absorbent material disposed of correctly. Remove protective apron and gloves; replace with fresh gloves before commencing application. Never eat, drink, or smoke during mixing or application activities even if gloves are worn. Store product containers securely in locked storage; never leave unsecured where children or animals could access.

Safety considerations

Wear face shield or goggles during all mixing operations protecting against concentrated chemical splashes. Work in well-ventilated area or outdoors to prevent vapor accumulation. Always add herbicide concentrate to water, never water to concentrate, preventing splashing. Hold containers close to tank opening minimizing splash distance if spills occur. If any herbicide contacts skin, remove contaminated gloves and wash affected area immediately with soap and water. If chemical enters eyes despite face shield, flush immediately with clean water using eyewash station for minimum 15 minutes while holding eyelids open, then seek medical attention. Clean up any spills immediately using absorbent materials from spill kit; dispose of contaminated absorbent correctly. Never pour excess mixed herbicide down drains - store for future use or apply to labeled areas at appropriate rates.

Weather Monitoring and Application Commencement

Before commencing application, verify weather conditions are suitable using handheld anemometer or weather station: wind speed must be less than 15 km/h (10 km/h for sensitive situations); wind direction must be away from sensitive areas; temperature should be 15-25°C for optimal herbicide effectiveness and reduced volatility; no rain forecast for period specified on product label (typically 6-24 hours). Record weather conditions in application log including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, cloud cover. Observe environmental indicators: smoke from distant fires hanging low indicates temperature inversion conditions unsuitable for spraying; dust blowing indicates excessive wind; dew remaining on plants mid-morning indicates poor drying conditions. If any unsuitable conditions exist, postpone application until favorable conditions return - applying in poor conditions wastes product and creates drift risk. Move to application site with filled spray equipment. Conduct final check before spraying: verify all PPE is in place and properly fitted; test spray pattern on target vegetation to ensure equipment functioning correctly; identify sensitive plants or structures requiring avoidance; position body to keep spray away from wind direction. Begin application working systematically across treatment area using consistent walking speed and spray pressure to maintain even coverage. Apply spray to thoroughly wet foliage until point of runoff for foliar absorption products; apply as fine mist for soil-active pre-emergent products. Avoid over-application causing excess runoff and waste. Maintain awareness of wind direction throughout application; cease work immediately if wind increases above threshold or shifts toward sensitive areas.

Safety considerations

Monitor weather conditions continuously during application - never continue if wind exceeds safe limits or shifts toward sensitive areas. Position body to keep spray away from wind direction preventing spray blowing back onto applicator. Never spray above head height due to increased drift risk and exposure to applicator. Take mandatory rest breaks at scheduled intervals (every 45 minutes when temperature exceeds 25°C) to prevent heat stress. Consume water regularly during sustained work. Monitor for heat stress symptoms: excessive sweating, weakness, nausea, dizziness. If symptoms develop, cease work immediately, move to shade, remove excess PPE, and cool down with water. Do not resume work until symptoms completely resolve.

Equipment Cleaning and Decontamination

After completing application, clean all spray equipment thoroughly to prevent herbicide residue contaminating future applications or causing applicator exposure. Drain any remaining spray solution into container for storage (if product will be used again soon) or apply to labeled treatment areas at appropriate rates - never dispose of herbicide solution via drains or waterways. Rinse spray tank with clean water (approximately 10% of tank capacity), agitate to wash all internal surfaces, and spray rinse water through boom or wand onto previously treated areas. Repeat rinse cycle three times to remove herbicide residue. For total-vegetation herbicides (glyphosate), standard triple-rinse is adequate. For residual herbicides or hormone products that damage sensitive plants at extremely low concentrations, conduct additional rinse cycles (5-7 total) and use chemical neutralizers if available. Disassemble and clean spray nozzles, filters, and strainers by soaking in clean water and using soft brush to remove debris. Inspect all components for wear or damage during cleaning. Reassemble equipment and store in clean condition. Clean exterior of spray tank and equipment using cloth and clean water removing any herbicide residue. For knapsack sprayers, empty completely and store without lid allowing internal drying preventing mold growth. For boom sprayers, ensure all liquid is drained from hoses and pumps preventing freezing damage and bacterial growth. Hose down chemical-resistant apron, boots, and gloves while still wearing them, then remove carefully to avoid contacting contaminated exterior surfaces. Wash face and hands thoroughly with soap and water. Remove protective clothing and launder separately from household items using hot water cycle and double rinse.

Safety considerations

Never dispose of herbicide rinse water or excess solution via stormwater drains, waterways, or general ground surfaces - always apply to appropriate areas at labeled rates or store for future use. Wear gloves during all cleaning activities to prevent skin contact with herbicide residue. Avoid creating spray mist during equipment rinsing that could cause inhalation or drift exposure. Do not allow rinse water to run onto areas not intended for herbicide application. Store cleaned equipment in secure area preventing unauthorized access. Never reuse herbicide containers for any other purpose - triple-rinse and dispose through chemical collection programs or as approved by local regulations. Maintain application records documenting areas treated, products used, volumes applied, weather conditions, and equipment cleaning procedures for regulatory compliance.

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Frequently asked questions

What weather conditions are suitable for herbicide application and when must work cease?

Suitable conditions require: wind speed less than 15 km/h (measure with anemometer, not just observation); wind direction away from sensitive areas; temperature 15-25°C for optimal efficacy; moderate humidity 40-60%; no rain forecast for period specified on label (typically 6-24 hours). Cease work immediately if: wind exceeds 15 km/h or becomes gusty; wind shifts toward sensitive areas including waterways, residential properties, or organic farms; temperature inversion develops indicated by still air, lingering fog or dew, smoke hanging low to ground; rain commences before minimum waiting period elapses. Temperature inversions can carry spray unexpected distances even in apparently calm conditions. High temperatures (above 30°C) increase volatility creating vapor drift risk and reduce effectiveness of some products. Working in unsuitable conditions wastes expensive product, creates environmental liability through drift damage, and violates product label requirements which are legally enforceable. Monitor continuously during application and stop immediately if conditions deteriorate - do not try to complete application when conditions become unsuitable.

What PPE is required for herbicide mixing and how should it be worn correctly?

Required PPE for mixing includes: chemical-resistant nitrile gloves with extended cuffs (minimum 380mm length) ensuring cuffs extend over shirt sleeves creating overlap; long-sleeved shirt and long pants in tightly-woven fabric providing barrier to chemical contact; chemical-resistant apron worn over clothing during mixing operations protecting torso and legs from concentrated product splashes; face shield or chemical splash goggles protecting eyes and face during all mixing activities; chemical-resistant boots or boot covers protecting feet; wide-brimmed hat for outdoor work. Donning sequence is critical: put on clothing and boots first, then apron, then gloves ensuring glove cuffs extend over sleeves, finally face shield or goggles. Inspect all PPE before use: gloves checked for tears by filling with water and observing for leaks; face shield cleaned for clear visibility; apron inspected for cracks compromising protection. Products requiring respiratory protection per SDS also need half-face respirator with P2 or combination filters. Never proceed with mixing without complete required PPE - concentrated herbicides are significantly more hazardous than diluted spray. Most severe injuries occur during mixing when concentrated product contacts eyes. Face shield provides superior eye protection compared to goggles.

How should spray equipment be calibrated to ensure correct application rates?

Calibration ensures herbicide is applied at correct rate per label requirements preventing under-application (weed control failure) or over-application (environmental harm, product waste). Calibration procedure: mark measured area (10m x 10m = 100m²); fill spray tank with clean water; spray marked area at normal walking speed and operating pressure you will use during application; measure volume of water used; calculate application rate: (litres used ÷ area sprayed) x 10,000 = litres per hectare. Example: if 2 litres used to spray 100m², rate = (2 ÷ 100) x 10,000 = 200 L/ha. Compare calculated rate to label requirement. If rate too high, reduce pressure or increase walking speed. If rate too low, increase pressure or slow walking speed. Re-test after adjustment until achieving target rate within 10%. Record calibration results in equipment log. Re-calibrate: annually at minimum, when changing products requiring different volumes, after nozzle replacement, or if coverage appears inadequate. Calibration is critical for hormone herbicides where rates must be precise to prevent drift damage - even small deviations can cause problems.

What are the legal disposal requirements for excess herbicide and empty containers?

Excess spray solution must never be disposed via drains, waterways, or general ground areas. Proper disposal: store excess mixed product in labeled container for future use if same treatment will continue within product stability period (check label); apply excess to previously treated areas or other areas listed on product label at appropriate rates ensuring total application does not exceed maximum label rate; schedule application quantities to minimize excess. Empty herbicide containers require triple-rinsing: fill empty container with clean water to 10% capacity, replace cap, shake vigorously for 30 seconds, pour rinse water into spray tank for application, repeat twice more. Triple-rinsed containers can be recycled through drumMUSTER collection programs (for large containers with drumMUSTER label) or disposed as general waste if small containers (<5L). Never reuse herbicide containers for any purpose including storing water, fuel, or food - residues remain even after rinsing. Some jurisdictions offer chemical collection services for unwanted products and containers - check local environmental authority. Improper disposal pollutes waterways, contaminates soil and groundwater, and violates environmental protection legislation with substantial penalties. Concentrated herbicide disposal via drains can cause wastewater treatment plant failure affecting downstream water users. Maintain disposal records documenting how excess product and containers were managed for compliance verification if required.

What first aid is required if herbicide enters eyes or contacts skin?

Eye contact (most serious exposure route): immediately flush affected eye(s) with clean running water for minimum 15 minutes while holding eyelids open ensuring water flushes under lids; use eyewash station if available or gentle stream from hose if not - do not delay treatment to locate ideal water source; remove contact lenses if easily removed but do not delay flushing; continue flushing even if pain subsides; seek immediate medical attention at emergency department after flushing - take herbicide label or SDS; do not rub eyes as this drives chemical deeper into tissue. Skin contact: immediately remove contaminated gloves and clothing; wash affected skin thoroughly with soap and running water for minimum 10 minutes; remove chemical-contaminated clothing and wash separately; if large area affected or symptoms develop (redness, burning, rash), seek medical attention; if concentrated herbicide contacts skin for extended period, treat as chemical burn requiring medical assessment. Ingestion: do not induce vomiting; rinse mouth with water and spit out; drink water if conscious and able to swallow; seek immediate medical attention; take herbicide label or SDS to medical facility. Inhalation of vapors: move to fresh air immediately; loosen tight clothing; if breathing difficulty persists, seek medical attention. For all exposure incidents, remove person from further exposure, provide first aid immediately, and obtain medical assessment. Concentrated herbicide formulations are more hazardous than diluted spray - immediate thorough flushing is critical to minimize injury severity.

How can spray drift be prevented and what buffer zones are required?

Drift prevention requires multiple controls: apply only when wind speed is below 15 km/h measured with anemometer (not just observation); avoid application during temperature inversions when spray can be carried unexpected distances; use nozzles producing larger droplets (Very Coarse to Extremely Coarse range >400 microns) less prone to wind dispersal; avoid fine spray nozzles creating small droplets; apply at lowest effective boom height or by directed spot treatment reducing wind exposure; reduce application pressure to minimum providing coverage; add drift-reduction adjuvants if compatible with herbicide. Buffer zones vary by sensitivity: minimum 10m from waterways and drainage lines for most products (check label); minimum 50m from organic certified properties for hormone herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba) due to extreme sensitivity at microscopic doses; minimum 20m from residential gardens when using hormone products; wider buffers for environmentally sensitive areas or endangered species habitat (consult environmental authorities). Mark buffer zones before commencing work; avoid spraying near buffer boundaries on windy days. For sensitive situations, substitute spot treatment methods eliminating broad-scale drift risk. Drift damage liability can be substantial: crop losses to neighboring farms; loss of organic certification requiring 3-year re-certification; garden damage claims; environmental prosecution for waterway contamination. Document weather conditions during all applications proving compliance with label requirements if drift claims arise. Some hormones damage sensitive plants at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppb - extreme care required when using these products near gardens.

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Risk Rating

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After ControlsLow

Key Controls

• Pre-start briefing covering hazards
• PPE: hard hats, eye protection, gloves
• Emergency plan communicated to crew

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Weed Control Safe Work Method Statement

What this SWMS covers

Why this SWMS matters

Hazard identification

Chemical Exposure During Herbicide Mixing and Application

Spray Drift Affecting Non-Target Areas and Organisms

Heat Stress from Protective Clothing and Outdoor Work

Musculoskeletal Strain from Manual Weeding and Equipment Carrying

Equipment Malfunction and Pressure Spray Injuries

Control measures

Substitution to Lower-Toxicity Herbicide Products

Spray Application Weather Monitoring and Drift Controls

Enclosed Mixing Station and Spill Containment

Heat Stress Prevention During Application Work

Equipment Maintenance and Pre-Application Inspection

Personal Protective Equipment for Herbicide Application

Personal protective equipment

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

During work

After work

Step-by-step work procedure

Weed Assessment and Treatment Planning

Equipment Preparation and Pre-Application Inspection

Personal Protective Equipment Preparation

Herbicide Mixing and Equipment Filling

Weather Monitoring and Application Commencement

Equipment Cleaning and Decontamination

Frequently asked questions

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