Comprehensive safety procedures for marine vessel operations supporting construction activities including floating work platforms, equipment transport, and waterway access

Boat or Barge Safe Work Method Statement

WHS Act 2011 Compliant | National Standard for Commercial Vessels Certified
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Boat and barge operations supporting construction activities involve the use of marine vessels as work platforms, equipment transport, personnel access, and support facilities for waterway and marine construction projects. This Safe Work Method Statement provides comprehensive procedures for construction workers and marine operators using boats, barges, pontoons, and floating plant to support bridge construction, wharf and jetty works, marine piling, underwater construction, waterway services installation, environmental monitoring, and access to water-based construction sites. Designed specifically for Australian waterway environments and aligned with the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, National Standard for Commercial Vessels, Australian Maritime Safety Authority regulations, and state maritime authority requirements, these procedures ensure marine vessel operations are conducted safely while managing drowning, vessel collision, man overboard, confined vessel spaces, and weather hazards inherent in construction marine operations.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Boats and barges serve as essential infrastructure for construction projects located in or adjacent to waterways where conventional land-based access is impractical or impossible. These marine vessels function as floating work platforms supporting construction equipment and personnel, transport vehicles for moving materials and plant between shore bases and work sites, personnel transport providing worker access to islands and offshore structures, accommodation and welfare facilities for remote marine construction projects, and storage platforms for fuel, materials, and equipment. The diversity of construction marine operations spans small aluminium dinghies for bridge inspection work through to 50-metre self-propelled barges carrying 200-tonne excavators for major dredging projects, with operational complexity scaling accordingly. Marine construction activities using boats and barges include bridge construction and maintenance where barges support piling rigs, concrete pumps, and construction cranes beneath bridge structures, wharf and jetty construction utilising barges as work platforms for marine piling, formwork installation, and concrete placement, underwater pipeline installation where barges support excavation equipment and pipe-laying operations, environmental works including riverbank stabilisation and wetland construction, services installation beneath waterways using directional boring or trenching equipment mounted on barges, marine salvage and demolition work requiring floating platforms for cutting and lifting operations, and emergency response work accessing flooded areas or supporting marine infrastructure repairs. Each application creates specific hazard profiles requiring tailored risk assessments and control measure implementation. Construction barges vary enormously in size, configuration, and capability. Simple flat-deck barges or pontoons provide stable floating platforms for equipment and personnel but require separate tug or workboat propulsion for movement. Self-propelled barges include integrated propulsion systems allowing independent navigation, typically featuring bow thrusters for precise positioning in confined waterways. Spud barges incorporate retractable steel spuds or legs that lower to riverbed or seabed providing extremely stable platforms for piling work or heavy lifting operations. Jack-up barges extend this capability with hydraulic legs capable of lifting entire barge clear of water surface, creating stable platform immune to tidal or wave movement. Specialist barges include crane barges equipped with heavy-lift cranes up to 300-tonne capacity, dredging barges with excavation equipment and material handling systems, and accommodation barges providing living quarters for construction crews on multi-week marine projects. Workboats supporting construction operations range from small aluminium utility boats for personnel transport and light cargo through to powerful multi-engine vessels capable of towing loaded barges. These support vessels typically include safety equipment exceeding minimum commercial vessel requirements given the elevated hazards of construction operations, comprehensive communication systems allowing coordination with shore bases and other vessels, adequate deck space and loading capacity for equipment and materials, and environmental protection systems preventing fuel or chemical spills. Modern construction workboats increasingly incorporate GPS positioning systems, depth sounders, and marine radar supporting safe navigation in congested waterways and during reduced visibility conditions. Regulatory requirements governing construction marine operations combine maritime safety legislation administered by Australian Maritime Safety Authority and state maritime authorities with workplace health and safety legislation administered by state work health and safety regulators. This creates complex compliance environment where vessel operations must satisfy National Standard for Commercial Vessels while simultaneously meeting Work Health and Safety requirements for construction work. Operators must hold appropriate marine qualifications including Coxswain certificates for smaller vessels and Master certificates for larger vessels depending on vessel size and operational area. Construction workers operating plant and equipment on barges require standard construction qualifications including high-risk work licences for crane or excavator operation regardless of marine location. Companies operating construction marine vessels must hold commercial vessel certificates of survey, commercial vessel registration, appropriate marine insurance, and documented safety management systems meeting both maritime and workplace safety requirements.

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Why this SWMS matters

Construction marine operations create compounded hazards where conventional construction risks combine with maritime hazards including drowning, vessel capsizing, and man overboard incidents. Australian construction industry incident data shows marine operations have elevated fatality rates compared to land-based construction, with drowning representing the primary cause of death. Between 2015-2023, approximately 15 construction workers drowned during marine operations in Australian waters, with contributing factors including failure to wear life jackets, inadequate vessel stability during loading operations, falling overboard during rough conditions, and vessel capsizing during equipment transfer. These preventable fatalities demonstrate critical importance of comprehensive marine safety procedures and rigorous enforcement of life jacket requirements for all personnel on construction vessels. Under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, construction businesses operating boats and barges must manage risks to workers and others affected by their operations. This includes providing appropriate vessels for the work being performed, ensuring operators hold required qualifications and competencies, implementing systems preventing man overboard incidents, providing adequate safety and emergency equipment, developing emergency response procedures for marine incidents, and coordinating with other waterway users preventing collisions. The duty of care extends to subcontractors, visitors, and other vessels affected by construction operations. Recent WHS prosecutions following construction marine fatalities resulted in fines exceeding $1 million demonstrating regulators' focus on marine construction safety. Maritime safety regulation under the National System for Domestic Commercial Vessel Safety requires vessels used for commercial purposes including construction support to be designed, constructed, and operated according to National Standard for Commercial Vessels. This mandates vessel certification through accredited marine surveyors, documented safety management systems proportionate to vessel operations, minimum safety equipment requirements including life jackets, fire extinguishers, navigation lights, and communication equipment, and operator qualifications appropriate for vessel characteristics and operating conditions. Construction companies using vessels for commercial operations cannot simply purchase recreational boats—they must engage properly certified commercial vessels with appropriate safety systems or obtain commercial certification for their vessels through marine survey processes. Weather represents a critical hazard factor for marine construction operations, with wind, waves, rain, and tidal conditions directly affecting vessel stability and operational safety. Bureau of Meteorology wind warnings, swell forecasts, and thunderstorm alerts must inform operational decisions with predetermined weather limits for suspending operations. Many construction marine incidents occur when work continues despite deteriorating conditions due to schedule pressure, underestimation of weather severity, or delayed response to changing conditions. Establishing clear weather suspension triggers—typically including wind speeds above 20 knots, wave heights exceeding vessel stability limits, or thunderstorm activity within 10 kilometres—provides objective criteria removing subjectivity from safety decisions. Floating work platforms create unique stability hazards requiring careful load management. Barges have limited freeboard (distance from waterline to deck edge) meaning relatively small weight additions can reduce stability margins significantly. Loading construction equipment onto barges requires consideration of weight distribution, centre of gravity effects, and dynamic loading during equipment movement. Tracked excavators moving on barge decks create significant dynamic loads that can exceed static stability calculations. Crane operations from barges introduce overturning moments requiring detailed lift planning considering load weights, boom positions, environmental loading from wind, and vessel stability margins. Fatal incidents have occurred when barges capsized during equipment loading or crane operations, emphasising importance of marine engineering calculations and strict adherence to vessel stability limits. Personnel working on boats and barges face elevated fall overboard risks compared to land-based construction. Vessel movement from waves, wash, or equipment operation creates unstable working surfaces. Deck edges often lack guardrails as found on construction scaffolding, with only low bulwarks or no edge protection. Stepping between vessels, barges, and wharves creates fall hazards, particularly during tidal changes affecting relative heights. Weather conditions including rain, spray, and humidity create slippery deck surfaces. Effective man overboard prevention requires multiple control layers including mandatory life jacket wear, deck edge protection or personnel restraint systems where practical, boarding ladders and gangways with handrails for safe vessel access, and clear procedures for working near deck edges or water interface.

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Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Drowning from Man Overboard Incidents or Vessel Capsizing

High

Drowning represents the primary fatality cause in construction marine operations, occurring when personnel fall overboard from moving or stationary vessels, when vessels capsize due to overloading or instability, during boarding or disembarking from vessels to wharves or other vessels, and when personnel enter water for equipment retrieval or emergency situations. Man overboard incidents result from slips or trips on wet decks, vessel movement from waves or wash causing loss of balance, stepping near deck edges without adequate footing, and personnel working over water without fall protection or life jacket use. Cold water immersion in southern Australian waters rapidly causes hypothermia reducing swimming ability and consciousness even for strong swimmers. Workers wearing heavy clothing, tool belts, or safety boots have reduced swimming capability if they fall overboard. Vessel capsizing incidents occur when barges are overloaded beyond stability limits, when crane operations exceed vessel overturning resistance, when equipment shifts during transit causing weight redistribution, or when taking on water through damaged hull sections or over gunwales during rough conditions. The rapid nature of capsizing events provides minimal time for orderly evacuation with personnel potentially trapped beneath overturned vessels. Non-swimmers are particularly vulnerable with fatal outcomes likely within minutes of entering water without adequate flotation. Panic responses when entering water unexpectedly reduce rational decision-making and swimming effectiveness. The consequences of drowning extend beyond immediate fatality to include long-term impacts on families, coworkers, and business viability. Recovery of bodies from waterways is traumatic for emergency responders and witnesses. The public visibility of marine fatalities generates intense media scrutiny affecting company reputation and stakeholder confidence.

Vessel Collision with Other Waterway Users or Fixed Infrastructure

High

Construction vessels operating in busy waterways face collision hazards from recreational boats, commercial shipping, other construction vessels, and fixed infrastructure including bridge piers, channel markers, and mooring dolphins. Collisions occur during reduced visibility conditions including fog, rain, or darkness when visual navigation is impaired, when vessel operators are distracted by construction activities rather than maintaining lookout, in high-traffic areas with multiple vessels converging, when vessels manoeuvre in confined channels with limited room to alter course, and during towing operations where tug and barge combinations have restricted manoeuvrability. Construction barges being towed present particular collision risk as they lack independent steering and have significant momentum requiring long stopping distances. Large vessels including commercial shipping cannot easily alter course or stop, placing obligation on smaller construction vessels to keep clear. High-speed recreational vessels may not recognise construction vessel operational constraints, approaching too closely or creating wash that affects construction vessel stability. Poorly marked construction zones fail to provide adequate warning to other waterway users, increasing collision probability. Night operations without adequate lighting leave construction vessels invisible to approaching traffic. GPS and depth sounder equipment can distract operators from maintaining visual lookout. The consequences of marine collisions range from minor hull damage through to catastrophic sinking if hull integrity is breached below waterline. Personnel injury from collision forces can include fractures, crush injuries, and traumatic injuries from being thrown against equipment or over deck edges. Fires may result from fuel system damage during impacts. Environmental consequences include fuel spills and pollution from damaged vessels. Legal liability for marine collisions is determined through maritime law principles with potential for criminal prosecution if negligence is established.

Equipment Loading and Unloading Causing Vessel Instability

High

Loading construction equipment including excavators, cranes, concrete pumps, piling rigs, and materials onto barges creates critical stability hazards if weight limits are exceeded or loading distribution is unbalanced. Each vessel has maximum safe loading capacity determined by hull design, freeboard, and stability characteristics. Exceeding these limits reduces stability margins to dangerous levels where environmental conditions or dynamic loading can trigger capsizing. Even within weight limits, improper weight distribution creates list (sideways tilt) or trim (fore-aft tilt) affecting vessel handling and potentially causing instability. Dynamic loading occurs when equipment moves on deck during transit or operation with tracked vehicles creating significant shifting loads as they travel across barge length. Crane boom movements alter vessel centre of gravity affecting stability during lifting operations. Loading ramps or shore cranes transferring equipment to barges may apply uneven loads causing sudden list if ramp contact is lost. Tidal variations affect relative heights between wharves and barge decks complicating safe equipment transfer timing. Personnel working around heavy equipment during loading face crushing hazards if equipment shifts or tips. Securing equipment inadequately allows movement during transit creating impact loads and potential for equipment to shift overboard. The consequences of stability loss include vessel capsizing with equipment sliding into water, personnel being crushed by shifting equipment, rapid sinking if water enters through hull openings, and drowning of personnel unable to escape capsizing vessels. Environmental consequences include fuel and hydraulic oil spills from submerged equipment. Salvage costs for recovering sunken barges and equipment can exceed hundreds of thousands of dollars. Investigation and prosecution following capsizing incidents typically reveal violations of vessel loading limits and inadequate stability calculations.

Hazardous Atmosphere in Vessel Confined Spaces

High

Construction barges and vessels contain confined spaces including fuel tanks, bilges, storage compartments, and accommodation spaces below decks that may develop hazardous atmospheres. These confined spaces can accumulate flammable vapours from fuel or hydraulic oil, oxygen-deficient atmospheres from decomposition or corrosion processes, toxic gases including carbon monoxide from engine exhausts or hydrogen sulphide from organic decomposition in bilges, and welding fumes or chemical vapours from construction work conducted in enclosed vessel areas. Entry into vessel confined spaces for maintenance, inspection, or construction work creates serious hazards if atmospheric testing is not conducted and adequate ventilation established. The confined nature of vessel spaces limits emergency egress if atmospheric hazards develop suddenly or if personnel become incapacitated. Water surrounding vessels complicates emergency rescue as unconscious personnel in vessel confined spaces cannot be readily accessed by emergency services. Fuel tank entry for inspection or repair creates both atmospheric and explosion hazards requiring specialist confined space gas testing, ventilation, and hot work permits. Bilge spaces accumulate toxic water mixtures from fuel, hydraulic oil, and chemical residues creating hazardous atmospheres and skin contact hazards. Working in accommodation spaces or cargo holds with inadequate ventilation during hot weather can cause heat stress and oxygen depletion as personnel respiratory consumption depletes oxygen in confined volumes. The consequences of hazardous atmosphere exposure include asphyxiation from oxygen-deficient atmospheres causing rapid unconsciousness and death, toxic gas poisoning from hydrogen sulphide or carbon monoxide exposure, fire or explosion from ignition of flammable vapours in confined spaces, and multiple fatalities when rescuers enter spaces to assist collapsed workers without respiratory protection. Vessel confined space fatalities are particularly tragic as they are entirely preventable through proper atmospheric testing and ventilation before entry.

Adverse Weather Causing Vessel Damage or Personnel Injury

Medium

Construction marine operations are heavily influenced by weather conditions with wind, waves, rain, lightning, and tidal extremes creating escalating hazards as conditions deteriorate. Wind creates direct forces on vessel superstructures and loaded equipment causing vessels to drift or move unexpectedly even when anchored or tied to moorings. Wind-driven waves create vessel motion including rolling, pitching, and heaving affecting personnel stability and equipment security. Strong winds above 25 knots make small vessel operation dangerous with elevated capsize risk. Rain reduces visibility for navigation and creates slippery deck surfaces elevating fall hazards. Thunderstorm activity creates lightning strike risks for vessels on open water with metal superstructures and equipment creating elevated strike probability. Tidal currents affect vessel positioning and create hazards when mooring to fixed wharves as tidal range changes vessel relative height and creates surging loads on mooring lines. King tides and storm surges can exceed normal tidal range causing flooding of low-freeboard barges. Rapid weather deterioration catches vessels in exposed locations without time for safe return to shore bases. Seasonal weather patterns including summer thunderstorm development and winter cold fronts require monitoring of Bureau of Meteorology forecasts and warnings. The consequences of operating in adverse weather include personnel falls from unstable vessel decks, equipment damage from securing failure in rough conditions, vessel grounding or collision during reduced visibility, lightning strikes causing fires or electrical system damage, and vessel swamping or capsizing in extreme wave conditions. Continuing operations despite weather deterioration often stems from schedule pressure and underestimation of changing conditions.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Mandatory Life Jacket Wear for All Vessel Occupants

PPE

Require all personnel on construction vessels to wear approved life jackets at all times when on deck or working over water. This control provides immediate flotation if man overboard incidents occur, dramatically improving survival probability even for non-swimmers or in rough conditions. Modern inflatable life jackets provide adequate buoyancy while minimising bulk and heat stress during work.

Implementation

1. Establish company policy requiring life jacket wear for all personnel on vessels with no exceptions, clearly communicated during site inductions and toolbox meetings 2. Provide Type 1 or Type 2 life jackets meeting AS 4758 or AS 1512 to all personnel before vessel boarding, with sizes fitted appropriately to individual wearers 3. Select inflatable life jacket designs that minimise bulk and heat stress while providing adequate buoyancy, encouraging compliance through wearer comfort 4. Ensure life jackets are fitted with crotch straps preventing life jacket riding up over wearer's head if they enter water 5. Inspect life jackets before each use checking inflation system operation, fabric condition, buckle and strap integrity, and presence of all required components 6. Test inflatable life jackets monthly by inflating manually and checking for air leaks, replacing CO2 cartridges after each inflation or as expired 7. Provide life jacket storage preventing damage from sun exposure, fuel/oil contamination, or compression that could affect performance 8. Include high-visibility colours and retro-reflective tape on life jackets aiding visual location of personnel in water during search and rescue 9. Attach personal locator beacons or strobe lights to life jackets worn during night operations or in remote locations improving search and rescue capability 10. Enforce life jacket compliance through supervisor observation and direction, with non-compliance resulting in immediate removal from vessel operations

Vessel Stability Calculations Before Loading Operations

Engineering

Implement marine engineering stability calculations before loading construction equipment onto barges verifying the loading configuration remains within vessel stability limits. This engineering control prevents capsizing from overloading or unbalanced weight distribution, ensuring adequate stability margin exists for environmental conditions and dynamic loading during operations.

Implementation

1. Engage qualified marine surveyors or naval architects to conduct stability assessments for all vessel loading configurations before equipment is transferred to barges 2. Obtain vessel stability documentation from vessel owners including maximum load capacity, load distribution requirements, and operational limitations for environmental conditions 3. Calculate total weight of equipment, materials, fuel, and personnel being loaded, including allowances for water and fuel consumption during operations 4. Determine centre of gravity location for all loads considering equipment positioning on deck, vertical height of equipment centres of mass, and unsymmetrical loading effects 5. Compare calculated loading against vessel stability curves verifying adequate stability margin exists for maximum anticipated environmental conditions 6. Prepare loading plan showing equipment positions, load securing requirements, and load sequencing to maintain acceptable stability throughout loading operations 7. Monitor draft and list during loading operations comparing actual vessel response to calculated predictions, halting loading if excessive list develops 8. Calculate crane lifting stability separately for each planned lift considering boom position, load weight, environmental loading from wind, and vessel stability margins 9. Establish maximum environmental operating limits for loaded vessels including maximum wind speeds and wave heights consistent with calculated stability margins 10. Document all stability calculations and loading plans retaining records for audit and reference if loading configurations are repeated in future operations

Competent Vessel Operators with Marine Qualifications

Administrative

Ensure all construction vessels are operated by personnel holding appropriate marine qualifications including Coxswain or Master certificates appropriate for vessel size and operational area. This administrative control ensures vessel operations are conducted by competent personnel with knowledge of maritime rules, navigation, vessel handling, and emergency procedures.

Implementation

1. Verify all vessel operators hold current marine qualifications appropriate for vessels they operate by sighting certificates and recording qualification details 2. Confirm vessel operators have completed safety management system training specific to construction vessel operations and understand company safety procedures 3. Ensure marine qualifications match or exceed minimum requirements for vessel tonnage and operational area as specified in National Standard for Commercial Vessels 4. Provide construction-specific marine training addressing hazards unique to construction operations including equipment loading, work platform vessel procedures, and personnel transfer 5. Maintain currency of operator qualifications through participation in marine safety refresher training and currency requirements for certificate renewal 6. Implement graduated competency system for complex operations with experienced operators supervising less experienced personnel during initial operations 7. Develop vessel-specific operating procedures documenting safe operating practices for each vessel type including workboats, barges, and specialist vessels 8. Conduct operator competency assessments through observation of vessel handling, emergency response knowledge, and understanding of operational limitations 9. Establish clear authority for vessel operators to refuse operations or suspend work if safety concerns exist, without schedule pressure overriding safety judgements 10. Maintain operator records documenting qualifications held, training completed, competency assessments conducted, and any incidents or near-misses involving operator decisions

Atmospheric Testing Before Vessel Confined Space Entry

Administrative

Implement comprehensive atmospheric testing procedures before personnel enter any vessel confined spaces including fuel tanks, bilges, or below-deck compartments. This administrative control identifies hazardous atmospheres before entry, allowing ventilation and atmosphere control measures to be implemented preventing exposure to oxygen-deficient, toxic, or explosive atmospheres.

Implementation

1. Identify all confined spaces on construction vessels including fuel tanks, void spaces, bilges, accommodation spaces, and cargo holds requiring atmospheric testing before entry 2. Provide calibrated multi-gas detection equipment measuring oxygen, flammable gases (LEL), carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulphide as minimum parameters 3. Conduct initial atmospheric testing from outside confined space before entry, sampling at multiple levels as gases stratify with heavier-than-air gases collecting at lower levels 4. Verify oxygen concentration is between 19.5-23% by volume, flammable gas concentration is below 10% of Lower Explosive Limit, and toxic gases are below exposure standards 5. Implement mechanical ventilation if initial testing identifies hazardous atmospheres, using forced air supply or extraction establishing minimum 6 air changes per hour 6. Conduct continuous atmospheric monitoring during occupied periods using personal gas detection devices worn by entrants with audible alarms warning of atmosphere changes 7. Establish confined space entry permits documenting atmospheric testing results, hazards identified, control measures implemented, and authorised entrants and standby persons 8. Position standby person at confined space entrance maintaining continuous communication with entrants and capable of initiating emergency rescue without entering space 9. Provide emergency rescue equipment including retrieval harnesses, winches, and breathing apparatus enabling non-entry rescue of unconscious personnel 10. Suspend confined space entry immediately if atmospheric monitoring indicates deteriorating conditions, evacuating all personnel until atmosphere is restored to safe parameters

Weather Monitoring with Predetermined Suspension Criteria

Administrative

Implement systematic weather monitoring procedures with clearly defined criteria for suspending marine operations when environmental conditions exceed safe limits. This administrative control provides objective decision-making framework removing schedule pressure from weather-related safety decisions and ensuring operations cease before conditions become dangerous.

Implementation

1. Establish maximum weather operating limits for construction vessel operations based on vessel size, stability, and work type including maximum wind speeds, wave heights, and visibility minimums 2. Monitor Bureau of Meteorology forecasts, warnings, and radar before commencing daily operations and continuously throughout operational periods 3. Require all vessel operators to monitor marine weather forecasts through VHF radio weather channels, smartphone weather apps, or direct Bureau contact 4. Implement automatic suspension triggers including wind speeds exceeding 20 knots, wave heights exceeding 0.5 metres for small vessels or 1.5 metres for barges, or thunderstorm activity within 10 kilometres 5. Provide weather monitoring equipment on vessels including handheld anemometers for wind speed measurement and barometers for pressure change monitoring 6. Establish clear communication protocols requiring vessel operators to report deteriorating conditions to shore-based supervisors enabling coordinated suspension decisions 7. Identify designated safe harbour locations where vessels can shelter if weather deteriorates unexpectedly while operations are underway 8. Implement seasonal weather patterns awareness with particular attention to summer afternoon thunderstorm development and winter cold front passages 9. Schedule weather-dependent critical activities during most favourable seasonal conditions and early morning periods when conditions are typically calmest 10. Document weather monitoring activities and suspension decisions recording conditions observed, decision rationale, and recommencement criteria ensuring accountability

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Personal protective equipment

Type 1 or Type 2 Life Jacket

Requirement: AS 4758 inflatable or AS 1512 foam life jacket with minimum 150N buoyancy and crotch strap

When: Mandatory for all personnel on vessels at all times when on deck or working within 2 metres of water edge, with no exceptions for swimmers or experienced personnel

Marine Safety Footwear

Requirement: AS/NZS 2210 safety boots with non-slip soles, water resistance, and steel toe caps

When: Required at all times on vessels to protect against slipping on wet decks, equipment injuries, and to maintain foot protection if entering water

High-Visibility Marine Vest

Requirement: AS/NZS 4602 Class D day/night vest with retro-reflective tape and fluorescent colour

When: Required for all vessel personnel during navigation, personnel transfer, or operations near other waterway traffic to enhance visibility to other vessel operators

Marine Safety Helmet

Requirement: AS/NZS 1801 Type 1 safety helmet with chin strap and bright colour for visibility in water

When: Required during equipment loading operations, crane work, and construction activities on vessel decks to protect against falling object and head impact injuries

Cut-Resistant Gloves

Requirement: EN 388 cut level C or higher with wet-grip coating

When: Required when handling mooring lines, securing cargo, or working with equipment on vessels to prevent rope burns and lacerations from sharp edges

Sun Protection Including Sunscreen and Hat

Requirement: SPF 50+ broad-spectrum sunscreen and wide-brimmed hat or cap with neck flap

When: Required for all outdoor vessel operations to prevent sunburn, heat stress, and long-term skin cancer risk from prolonged sun exposure on reflective water surfaces

Personal Locator Beacon

Requirement: GPS-enabled personal locator beacon or EPIRB with automatic activation

When: Required for personnel working in remote waterways, during night operations, or in rough conditions where search and rescue may be required if man overboard occurs

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

  • ✓Verify vessel holds current Certificate of Survey and registration, confirming commercial vessel compliance and insurance currency before operations
  • ✓Inspect vessel hull for damage, leaks, or deterioration checking bilges are dry and hull integrity is maintained without water ingress
  • ✓Check all safety equipment is present and serviceable including life jackets, fire extinguishers, navigation lights, marine radio, and emergency flares
  • ✓Test vessel engine, steering, and controls verifying correct operation before departing shore base or commencing work activities
  • ✓Verify fuel quantity is adequate for planned operations plus reserve, checking for fuel contamination or water in fuel tanks
  • ✓Inspect mooring lines, anchors, and securing equipment for wear or damage, replacing any equipment showing deterioration or reduced capacity
  • ✓Review weather forecasts for operational period confirming conditions are within vessel operating limits and no adverse weather warnings exist
  • ✓Confirm all vessel operators hold current marine qualifications appropriate for vessel type and operating area, sighting qualification cards

During work

  • ✓Monitor weather conditions continuously including wind speed, wave height, visibility, and approaching storm activity using observations and Bureau of Meteorology updates
  • ✓Verify vessel stability during equipment loading operations observing draft marks and list, comparing to calculated predictions from stability analysis
  • ✓Check bilge levels periodically ensuring no water accumulation from leaks or spray ingress, operating bilge pumps as necessary to maintain dry bilges
  • ✓Monitor marine radio communications maintaining listening watch on designated working channels and monitoring safety broadcasts and weather updates
  • ✓Inspect equipment securing and cargo lashings during transit verifying no movement or loosening has occurred that could affect vessel stability
  • ✓Observe vessel performance and handling characteristics being alert to changes indicating mechanical problems, fuel issues, or developing hazards
  • ✓Verify all personnel maintain life jacket wear throughout operations enforcing compliance and replacing life jackets if removed or damaged
  • ✓Monitor other waterway traffic maintaining adequate separation distances and taking early avoiding action to prevent collision situations developing

After work

  • ✓Inspect vessel after operations checking for damage sustained during work including hull impacts, equipment contact, or mooring damage
  • ✓Clean vessel decks removing fuel spills, hydraulic oil, construction debris, and any materials that could create slip hazards for subsequent operations
  • ✓Secure all loose equipment and materials preventing shifting during unattended periods or overnight when vessel is moored unoccupied
  • ✓Check mooring lines for security and adequate scope verifying vessel will remain safely moored during unattended periods accounting for tidal range
  • ✓Test bilge pumps and verify automatic float switch operation ensuring vessel will remain afloat if minor leaks develop during unattended periods
  • ✓Document any defects, damage, or maintenance requirements identified during operations, logging findings in vessel maintenance records
  • ✓Remove all waste and rubbish from vessel disposing appropriately at shore facilities, maintaining clean condition for crew amenity and safety
  • ✓Complete vessel log recording operational hours, fuel consumption, personnel carried, cargo transported, and any incidents or near-miss events

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready
1

Pre-Operational Vessel Inspection and Preparation

Conduct comprehensive vessel inspection before commencing operations verifying seaworthiness, safety equipment serviceability, and regulatory compliance. Begin by reviewing vessel documentation confirming current Certificate of Survey, commercial vessel registration, and marine insurance are valid and accessible on board. Inspect hull externally walking around vessel checking for hull damage, through-hull fittings for leaks, and any visible deterioration requiring repair. Board vessel and check bilges using hand torch, verifying bilges are dry or contain minimal water and no evidence of active leaks. Operate bilge pump testing automatic float switch function and manual override, confirming pump discharges water overboard through designated bilge outlet. Inspect engine compartment checking fluid levels including engine oil, coolant, hydraulic fluid, and fuel. Look for signs of leaks, loose hoses, or corroded connections requiring attention. Start engine and warm up monitoring gauges for correct temperature, oil pressure, and charging system operation. Test steering through full range of movement confirming responsive operation without excessive play. Check navigation lights test all lights including bow lights, stern light, masthead light (if fitted), and working lights operate correctly for day and night operations. Test marine VHF radio transmitting test call and confirming reception and transmission quality. Inspect all safety equipment including life jackets checking fabric condition, straps, buckles, and inflation system operation, fire extinguishers verifying gauges show correct pressure and no physical damage, visual distress signals ensuring flares are within expiry date, and emergency equipment including first aid kit, torch, spare radio batteries. Review weather forecast for operational area confirming conditions are within vessel operating limits and no weather warnings exist. Brief all personnel on vessel safety including life jacket requirements, emergency procedures, man overboard response, and designated duties during operations. Prepare voyage plan documenting departure time, destination, expected return time, and communication schedule with shore base.

Safety considerations

Verify vessel insurance and certification are current before operations commence preventing regulatory compliance issues. Ensure bilges are dry indicating no active leaks that could lead to flooding. Test all safety equipment before departing preventing discovery of non-functional equipment during emergencies. Review weather forecasts identifying deteriorating conditions that could develop during operations.

2

Safe Vessel Boarding and Departure Procedures

Implement controlled boarding procedures ensuring all personnel board safely and vessel departs securely. Brief all personnel on boarding procedures including use of boarding ladder or gangway, maintaining three points of contact during boarding, and waiting for instruction before moving around vessel. Ensure all personnel don life jackets before approaching vessel, verifying correct fit and all straps secured. Supervise boarding process allowing one person at a time to board using designated boarding points, assisting with balance if vessel movement from wave action creates instability. Account for all personnel comparing physical count to manifest, confirming no personnel remain ashore who should be boarding. Secure all boarding access closing gates or raising ladders preventing accidental overboard falls. Brief crew on voyage plan including destination, estimated passage time, expected conditions, and assigned duties. Assign lookout responsibilities ensuring someone other than helmsman maintains continuous visual watch for other vessels and obstacles. Prepare for departure by releasing mooring lines in sequence starting with lines under least tension and working to heavily loaded lines last. Have crew member positioned with boat hook for fending off wharf or other vessels if vessel movement brings contact risk. Engage engine and verify controls respond correctly before leaving protected mooring position. Navigate carefully when departing considering wind and current effects on vessel track, maintaining adequate clearance from moored vessels and wharf infrastructure. Establish steady course and speed appropriate for conditions before delegating helm to qualified operator. Monitor engine gauges and vessel handling during initial operation period being alert for any abnormal performance indicating mechanical issues requiring attention. Communicate departure with shore base providing vessel position, personnel on board, destination, and expected return time.

Safety considerations

Ensure all personnel wear life jackets before approaching vessel preventing man overboard incidents without flotation. Control boarding process preventing multiple people on boarding ladder simultaneously. Verify correct personnel count confirming all expected personnel are aboard before departure. Monitor environmental conditions during departure adjusting plans if conditions are deteriorating.

3

Safe Navigation and Vessel Operation

Operate vessel safely maintaining appropriate speed for conditions, observing collision avoidance rules, and monitoring environment continuously. Maintain continuous lookout using visual observation and available electronic aids including radar and GPS position plotting. Operate at speeds appropriate for conditions considering visibility, traffic density, vessel manoeuvrability, and sea state. Recognise that construction barges and vessels under tow have limited manoeuvrability requiring other vessels to keep clear, but maintain defensive navigation expecting other vessels may not recognise these limitations. Follow maritime collision avoidance rules giving way to vessels constrained by draft or manoeuvrability, maintaining adequate separation from all other vessels. Monitor marine VHF radio listening for traffic reports, security broadcasts, and weather updates relevant to operational area. Communicate intentions via radio when operating in congested areas or approaching other vessels, reducing ambiguity about vessel movements. Navigate clear of marked shipping channels unless required for access, allowing commercial shipping to use designated navigation routes without construction vessel interference. Recognise and respond to sound signals from other vessels including danger signals of five or more short blasts requiring immediate avoiding action. Maintain awareness of tidal currents and their effect on vessel track, allowing for current set when navigating narrow channels or approaching structures. Monitor weather conditions being alert to wind strengthening, wave height increasing, visibility reducing, or storm development requiring operational suspension. Use electronic navigation aids appropriately recognising GPS position accuracy can vary and radar provides essential collision avoidance capability in reduced visibility. Record vessel track on chart or GPS plotter documenting route taken for reference and demonstrating professional navigation practices. Slow vessel speed well in advance of destination allowing controlled approach and safe manoeuvring to work location or mooring position.

Safety considerations

Maintain continuous visual lookout preventing collision situations from developing unnoticed. Operate at speeds allowing adequate stopping distance if obstacles or other vessels appear. Monitor weather conditions continuously being prepared to suspend operations and return to shore if conditions deteriorate. Maintain listening watch on marine radio receiving weather warnings and traffic information.

4

Equipment Loading and Securing

Load construction equipment onto barges using systematic procedures maintaining vessel stability and securing loads adequately for transit. Review stability calculations prepared by marine surveyor confirming equipment weights, positions, and securing requirements before commencing loading. Position barge against wharf or loading facility with minimal freeboard difference allowing equipment to drive or be lifted onto barge deck safely. For tracked equipment driving onto barge, install timber cross-pieces or steel plates distributing track loads and preventing deck damage. Have experienced equipment operator drive onto barge slowly maintaining straight tracking, with spotter guiding operator and monitoring barge stability response. Position equipment according to stability calculation requirements achieving specified weight distribution and centre of gravity location. For crane-lifted equipment, prepare lifting rigging inspecting slings and shackles before use. Coordinate lift signals between crane operator, dogman, and barge personnel ensuring clear communication. Lift load slowly avoiding sudden acceleration or jerking motions. Guide load over barge using tag lines maintaining control without personnel positioning themselves under suspended loads. Lower equipment onto barge deck positioning according to stability plan. Install securing chains or lashings immediately once equipment is positioned, before releasing crane slings. Use adequate securing capacity with chains or straps rated for 1.5 times equipment weight. Attach securing points to structural deck fittings or bollards, never to portable fixtures that could pull free. Install timber chocks under tracks or wheels preventing rolling movement during transit. Verify final vessel stability by observing draft marks and list, comparing to calculated predictions. If excessive list is observed, reposition equipment or remove items until acceptable stability is achieved. Secure all loose tools, materials, and equipment preventing shifting during transit.

Safety considerations

Follow stability calculations prepared by qualified marine surveyors preventing overloading or unstable weight distribution. Monitor barge stability throughout loading halting operations if excessive list develops. Secure equipment immediately preventing movement during transit. Maintain clear communication during crane operations preventing simultaneous commands causing confusion.

5

Work Platform Operations

Operate barges as stable work platforms implementing securing procedures preventing vessel movement during construction activities. Navigate to work location and position vessel accurately using GPS coordinates, visual references, or survey marks. For piling work or lifting operations requiring stable platform, deploy spuds or anchor system securing vessel in position. Spud barges lower steel legs penetrating seabed and supporting vessel weight, eliminating vessel movement from currents or waves. Lower spuds slowly using hydraulic systems monitoring leg penetration and verifying secure seabed contact. Confirm vessel is level and stable before commencing work activities. For anchor systems, deploy anchors in predetermined pattern achieving adequate holding capacity from multiple anchor points. Pay out anchor lines to required scope (typically 5:1 ratio of line length to water depth) achieving maximum holding power. Verify anchors are holding by applying propulsion and observing position hold. Mark anchor line positions warning other vessels of submerged lines creating snagging hazards. Establish work exclusion zones around vessel preventing other vessels approaching during piling, crane operations, or other activities where vessel movement could create hazards. Display appropriate day shapes or lights indicating vessel engaged in operations with restricted manoeuvrability. Conduct construction work activities following standard safety procedures including high-risk work licence requirements for crane or excavator operation. Monitor vessel stability during crane operations confirming vessel remains upright and stable throughout lift sequences. Verify weather conditions remain within operating limits throughout work period, suspending operations if limits are exceeded. Maintain marine radio communications providing position reports and listening for traffic approaching work area. Complete work methodically preventing rush to finish if weather deterioration or other time pressure develops. Secure all equipment before retrieval of anchors or spuds preparing vessel for transit to next location or return to shore base.

Safety considerations

Ensure vessel is securely anchored or spudded before commencing work preventing vessel drift during operations. Monitor stability during crane operations halting lifts if vessel list becomes excessive. Maintain weather monitoring suspending operations if conditions deteriorate beyond safe limits. Display proper day shapes and lights warning other vessels of restricted manoeuvrability.

6

Personnel Transfer Operations

Conduct personnel transfers between vessels, wharves, and shore safely managing height differences, vessel movement, and maintaining life jacket compliance. Plan personnel transfers during calm conditions avoiding transfers during rough weather when vessel movement is excessive. Position vessels alongside wharves or other vessels with minimal gap reducing fall risk. Use fenders preventing hull damage from vessels contacting during alongside positioning. Control vessel position using lines or careful propulsion maintaining steady alongside position during transfer. Assess height difference between vessels or vessel and wharf accounting for tidal changes that may alter relative heights during operations. Use boarding ladders, gangways, or purpose-built boarding platforms with handrails providing safe access across gaps and height differences. Ensure boarding equipment is secured at both ends preventing movement or collapse during use. For transfers between moving vessels or in rough conditions, use transfer baskets or personnel transfer vessels purpose-built for safe personnel movement. Brief personnel before transfer explaining procedure, designated boarding points, and signals for commencing transfer. Supervise transfers allowing one person to transfer at a time preventing overcrowding on boarding equipment. Maintain three points of contact during transfers keeping both hands on handrails and stepping carefully across gaps. Verify all personnel are wearing life jackets throughout transfer period providing flotation if falls occur. Time transfers between wave surges when vessels are at closest point and movement is minimised. Provide spotter assistance watching vessel movement and warning personnel if surge develops requiring delayed transfer. Do not attempt transfers if vessel movement is excessive or gaps are wider than safe stepping distance—wait for calmer conditions or use alternative access. Account for all personnel after transfers confirming correct numbers have transferred and no personnel remain in incorrect location.

Safety considerations

Maintain life jacket compliance during all transfers providing flotation if personnel fall during boarding. Control vessel movement minimising gaps and relative motion between vessels during transfers. Supervise transfers preventing rushing or multiple simultaneous transfers. Monitor weather and vessel movement delaying transfers if conditions are too rough for safe boarding.

7

Return to Base and Post-Operational Procedures

Return vessel to shore base safely and conduct post-operational inspections and documentation. Secure all equipment and loose items on deck before commencing return voyage preventing shifting during transit. Brief crew on return voyage plan including route, expected passage time, and assigned duties. Monitor fuel quantity verifying adequate fuel remains for return passage plus reserve, detouring to refuelling facilities if necessary. Navigate return passage maintaining lookout and observing collision avoidance rules as during outbound voyage. Monitor weather conditions during return being prepared to seek shelter if deterioration occurs before reaching home port. Reduce speed when approaching mooring area allowing controlled approach and safe arrival. Assign crew to handle mooring lines preparing fenders and lines before arrival. Approach mooring at slowest speed allowing steerage, using minimum propulsion necessary for control. Brief crew on line sequence for securing, typically bow line first securing forward end then spring and stern lines completing securing. Throw mooring lines to shore crew or wharf personnel rather than attempting to step across gaps while holding lines. Secure all mooring lines to adequate deck fittings tying with appropriate knots allowing quick release if emergency departure is required. Deploy fenders protecting hull from wharf contact. Stop engine after vessel is securely moored. Disembark personnel using controlled procedures as during boarding ensuring all personnel account is maintained. Conduct post-operational vessel inspection checking for damage sustained during operations, verifying bilges are dry and no leaks have developed, and identifying any equipment defects requiring maintenance. Clean vessel deck areas removing fuel spills, debris, and materials preventing accumulation of slip hazards. Refuel vessel if fuel levels are low ensuring adequate fuel for next operational period. Complete vessel log recording operational hours, personnel carried, cargo transported, fuel consumption, and any incidents or defects observed. Secure vessel preparing for unattended period by closing hatches, removing valuables, and ensuring adequate mooring for overnight or extended periods. Report any defects or maintenance requirements to vessel owner or maintenance coordinator ensuring repairs are completed before next operational use.

Safety considerations

Secure all deck equipment before return voyage preventing shifting loads affecting stability during transit. Monitor fuel quantity ensuring adequate reserves for return passage. Control mooring approach at minimum safe speed preventing collision with wharf infrastructure. Conduct post-operational inspection identifying defects requiring repair before subsequent operations.

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Frequently asked questions

What qualifications are required to operate construction vessels in Australian waters?

Vessel operator qualifications depend on vessel characteristics including size, propulsion type, and operational area under the National Standard for Commercial Vessels. Vessels under 12 metres operating within smooth waters require Coxswain Grade 2 certificate, while vessels 12-24 metres or operating in partially smooth waters require Coxswain Grade 1. Larger vessels or offshore operations require Master certificates with grades specified by vessel tonnage and operational area. Towed barges don't require operators on the barge itself but the towing vessel operator must hold appropriate qualifications for the combined tug and tow operation. All commercial vessel operators must complete marine radio operation training and hold Marine Radio Operator VHF certificate. Additional endorsements may be required for specific operations including near-coastal operations, passenger carrying, or towing operations. Construction workers operating plant and equipment on barges don't require marine qualifications but must hold standard high-risk work licences for the equipment being operated including excavator, crane, or forklift licences as applicable. Verify qualification requirements with state maritime authorities as some variations exist between jurisdictions.

What are the legal requirements for life jacket wear on construction vessels?

Marine safety regulations under National Standard for Commercial Vessels require adequate life jackets to be carried for all persons on board commercial vessels, with life jackets worn when conditions warrant or when directed by vessel master. However, workplace health and safety duty of care requires construction companies to mandate life jacket wear for all personnel on construction vessels regardless of swimming ability or marine experience. This obligation flows from reasonably practicable risk minimisation under WHS Act Section 19. Best practice construction marine operations require mandatory life jacket wear for all personnel from the moment they board vessels until disembarking, with no exemptions. Life jackets must meet Australian Standards AS 4758 for inflatable life jackets or AS 1512 for inherently buoyant foam life jackets, providing minimum 150 Newtons buoyancy for adult wearers. Type 1 life jackets providing face-up flotation are preferred over Type 2 or Type 3 jackets particularly for non-swimmers or rough conditions. Life jackets must be fitted with crotch straps preventing jackets riding up over wearer's head if they enter water. Some jurisdictions including Queensland require life jacket wear within certain distances of vessel edges or when working over water regardless of vessel type. Implement company policy requiring universal life jacket wear removing any ambiguity about compliance expectations.

How do I determine safe loading limits for barges used as construction work platforms?

Barge loading limits must be determined through marine engineering stability calculations conducted by qualified marine surveyors or naval architects. Never rely on estimates, previous loading configurations, or visual assessment to determine if loading is safe. Engage marine surveyor to review vessel characteristics including hull dimensions, freeboard, weight distribution, and centre of gravity constraints. Provide surveyor with complete equipment specifications including weights, dimensions, and centre of gravity locations for all items being loaded. Surveyor will conduct stability analysis considering static loads from equipment and materials, dynamic loads from equipment movement and operation, environmental loading from wind, waves, and current, and free surface effect if fuel or water tanks are partially filled. Analysis will determine maximum safe loading, equipment position constraints, and environmental operating limits for the loaded configuration. Typical small barges (10m x 4m) may be limited to 10-15 tonnes depending on design, while large purpose-built construction barges can carry 100+ tonnes. Loading limits decrease significantly if equipment centre of gravity is high (excavators, cranes) compared to low loads (materials, aggregates). Always obtain written stability certification before loading, and monitor vessel response during loading comparing actual draft and list to predicted values. If vessel behaviour differs significantly from predictions, halt loading and investigate cause before continuing.

What weather conditions require suspension of construction marine operations?

Establish predetermined weather suspension criteria based on vessel characteristics and operational activities rather than relying on subjective judgements during operations. Typical weather limits for small workboats (under 6 metres) include wind speeds exceeding 15-20 knots, wave heights exceeding 0.3-0.5 metres, or visibility reducing below 1 kilometre. Larger vessels and barges may operate in wind speeds up to 25 knots and wave heights to 1.5 metres but operational capabilities vary significantly by vessel design. Thunderstorm activity within 10 kilometres of operations requires immediate suspension due to lightning strike risk to vessels and personnel. Heavy rain reducing visibility below safe navigation standards requires suspension until visibility improves. Consider tidal current velocities with operations in rivers or tidal waterways requiring suspension if current velocity exceeds vessel manoeuvring capability. Night operations require higher weather margins than daylight operations due to reduced visibility and increased navigation difficulty. Crane operations from barges typically require lower wind limits (10-15 knots) than vessel navigation alone due to wind loading on suspended loads and crane booms. Monitor Bureau of Meteorology forecast warnings including strong wind warnings, gale warnings, thunderstorm warnings, and flood warnings for operational areas. Implement automatic suspension when warnings are issued rather than continuing until conditions actually deteriorate. Establish clear authority for vessel masters to suspend operations based on observed conditions even if forecasts suggest operations can continue.

What are the confined space entry requirements for vessel tanks and bilges?

Vessel confined spaces including fuel tanks, void spaces, bilges, and below-deck compartments require full confined space entry procedures meeting WHS Regulations Section 66-73 requirements. Classify each space based on atmospheric hazards with fuel tanks considered high-risk due to flammable vapour accumulation and oxygen deficiency. Before any entry, conduct atmospheric testing from outside the space using calibrated multi-gas detection equipment measuring oxygen (target 19.5-23% by volume), flammable gases (must be below 10% Lower Explosive Limit), carbon monoxide (below 30 ppm), and hydrogen sulphide (below 10 ppm). If testing identifies hazardous atmosphere, implement mechanical ventilation using forced air supply or extraction achieving minimum 6 air changes per hour before entry. Re-test atmosphere after ventilation verifying safe conditions before personnel entry. Issue confined space entry permit documenting testing results, hazards, controls, authorised entrants, and standby person details. Assign standby person remaining outside space maintaining continuous communication with entrants and capable of initiating emergency rescue without entering space. Provide continuous atmospheric monitoring inside space using personal gas detection devices worn by entrants with audible alarms. Provide emergency rescue equipment including retrieval harness and winch for vertical spaces like fuel tanks, and breathing apparatus for standby person enabling rescue capability. Suspend entry immediately if atmospheric monitoring indicates deteriorating conditions. Fuel tank entry requires additional hot work permit controls if any spark-producing tools or equipment will be used, with very strict flammable gas concentration limits (typically below 1% LEL). Consider whether confined space entry is actually necessary or if alternative methods including inspection cameras, remote sampling, or equipment modification could eliminate entry requirement.

How should marine emergencies including man overboard be managed on construction vessels?

Develop comprehensive marine emergency procedures covering man overboard, vessel flooding, fire, collision, and medical emergencies specific to vessels being operated. For man overboard incidents, immediate response includes throwing flotation devices toward person in water, assigning lookout to maintain continuous visual contact pointing toward person, activating engine stop preventing propeller injury, broadcasting MAYDAY call on marine VHF channel 16 stating position and nature of emergency, and manoeuvring vessel for recovery keeping person on weather side of vessel where they will drift toward vessel. Have crew prepare rescue equipment including throw bags, life rings on floating lines, or recovery ladders. Approach person from downwind allowing vessel to drift toward them rather than using propulsion near person in water. Never allow untrained personnel to enter water for rescue as secondary drownings of would-be rescuers are common in marine emergencies. Use throw bags or rescue lines for conscious persons able to grab equipment. For unconscious persons, use recovery sling or scramble net allowing them to be pulled aboard. For vessel flooding, immediately identify leak source and implement damage control including stuffing leaks with cloth or bedding, activating bilge pumps at maximum capacity, and preparing abandon ship procedures if flooding cannot be controlled. For fires, use portable fire extinguishers targeting fire base not flames, evacuate enclosed spaces where fire occurs, and prepare to abandon ship if fire spreads beyond control capability. Maintain VHF radio communication during all emergencies providing regular updates to shore base and emergency services. Conduct emergency drills quarterly ensuring all personnel understand emergency procedures and equipment locations. Ensure marine safety equipment including EPIRBs, flares, and satellite phones are maintained in serviceable condition and locations are known to all crew.

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