Safe Work Method Statement

Plumbing Drain Re-lining SWMS

Comprehensive Australian WHS Compliant SWMS

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Drain re-lining, also known as Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) lining or trenchless drain rehabilitation, is a modern plumbing technique that repairs damaged, cracked, or deteriorating drainage pipes without the need for extensive excavation. This SWMS provides comprehensive safety procedures for drain re-lining operations in Australian construction and plumbing environments, addressing the unique hazards associated with resin handling, confined space entry, chemical curing processes, and working within existing drainage systems.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Drain re-lining, also known as Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) lining or trenchless drain rehabilitation, represents a modern approach to repairing damaged, deteriorating, or structurally compromised drainage systems without the need for extensive excavation and pipe replacement. This innovative technique has revolutionised the plumbing industry by providing a cost-effective, minimally disruptive solution for rehabilitating drainage infrastructure in residential, commercial, and municipal applications. The process involves inserting a flexible, resin-impregnated liner into the existing damaged pipe through access points such as manholes or excavated insertion pits, positioning the liner accurately within the host pipe, and then curing the resin through heat, UV light, or ambient temperature methods to create a new, seamless pipe within the old structure. The cured liner forms a smooth, corrosion-resistant, structural pipe that can span cracks, bridge gaps, and restore full functionality to damaged drainage systems. The drain re-lining process is applicable to a wide range of drainage scenarios including cracked or broken clay pipes, deteriorating concrete sewers, corroded cast iron drains, root-infiltrated systems, and pipes with structural deformation or joint separation. The technique can rehabilitate pipes ranging from small 100mm residential drains to large 600mm+ diameter municipal sewers, with minimal disruption to property, landscaping, or ongoing building operations. Unlike traditional excavation methods that require extensive site disturbance, traffic management, and lengthy restoration periods, drain re-lining typically requires only strategic access points for equipment and liner insertion. This makes the technique particularly valuable in challenging locations such as under buildings, beneath roadways, through landscaped areas, and in locations where excavation would disrupt sensitive services or structural foundations. The re-lining process begins with comprehensive pre-work investigation including CCTV inspection to assess pipe condition, identify damage locations, measure pipe dimensions, and verify that the drainage system is suitable for rehabilitation. This investigation phase is critical for determining the appropriate liner specification, identifying obstacles or connections that may require special attention, and planning the installation methodology. Following inspection, the drain must be thoroughly cleaned using high-pressure water jetting to remove debris, scale, root intrusions, and any material that could prevent proper liner adhesion or cause installation difficulties. Once cleaned, the liner installation process can proceed, involving careful preparation of the resin-impregnated liner, protection during transport to the installation site, controlled insertion into the existing pipe using inversion methods or pull-in-place techniques, accurate positioning to align with connections and bends, and then curing the resin to create the finished rehabilitated pipe. Drain re-lining work requires specialised skills and knowledge including understanding of different resin systems and their properties, proficiency with liner installation equipment and techniques, expertise in CCTV inspection and interpretation, knowledge of curing methods and their specific requirements, and familiarity with quality control procedures to verify successful installation. Workers must be competent in confined space entry procedures as access to manholes and inspection chambers is frequently required for equipment setup, liner installation, and connection reinstatement. Chemical handling expertise is essential due to the hazardous nature of epoxy and polyester resins, hardeners, and associated chemicals used in the process. Additionally, plumbers performing drain re-lining must understand the structural principles of pipe rehabilitation, recognise when re-lining is appropriate versus when pipe replacement is necessary, and ensure all work complies with relevant Australian Standards including AS/NZS 3725 for design, construction and installation of drain re-lining systems. The environmental and practical benefits of drain re-lining make it an increasingly preferred solution for drainage rehabilitation. The technique significantly reduces excavation waste, minimises carbon footprint compared to full replacement, eliminates the need for disposal of contaminated soil and old pipes, and reduces the environmental impact of heavy machinery and transport associated with traditional methods. From a practical perspective, drain re-lining can typically be completed in a fraction of the time required for excavation and replacement, causes minimal disruption to property occupants and surrounding areas, preserves landscaping and surface improvements, and avoids the complex logistics of working in confined urban environments. The finished rehabilitated drain provides a smooth internal surface that improves flow characteristics, eliminates infiltration and exfiltration, resists root intrusion and corrosion, and can achieve a design life of 50 years or more, often exceeding the lifespan of the original pipe system.

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Why this SWMS matters

Drain re-lining operations present substantial safety challenges that make comprehensive hazard identification and control essential for protecting workers, ensuring regulatory compliance, and maintaining public safety. The work involves a unique combination of hazards including chemical exposure, confined space entry, potential contact with sewage and biological contaminants, working within live drainage systems, and the specific risks associated with resin curing processes. Under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and associated regulations, plumbing contractors and workers performing drain re-lining activities must identify hazards, assess risks, implement appropriate control measures, and document these processes in Safe Work Method Statements, particularly when high-risk construction work such as confined space entry is involved. The most significant chemical hazards in drain re-lining work arise from the resins, hardeners, and catalysts used to create the cured-in-place liner. Epoxy and polyester resin systems contain substances that can cause serious health effects through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion. Styrene, commonly present in polyester resins, is a volatile organic compound classified as a potential carcinogen, causing respiratory irritation, neurological effects, and long-term health impacts with repeated exposure. Direct skin contact with uncured resins can cause severe dermatitis, chemical burns, and allergic sensitisation that may result in permanent sensitivity to these materials. The mixing process generates aerosols and vapours, particularly when hardeners and catalysts are combined with base resins, creating an inhalation hazard in poorly ventilated work areas. During the curing phase, exothermic reactions generate heat and release additional volatile compounds, with concentrations potentially reaching dangerous levels within enclosed drainage systems. Workers who do not use appropriate respiratory protection, chemical-resistant gloves, and protective clothing risk acute health effects and cumulative exposure that can lead to chronic conditions including respiratory disease and neurological impairment. Confined space hazards are inherent in drain re-lining operations as workers frequently must enter manholes, inspection chambers, pump stations, and other enclosed structures to install equipment, feed liners, connect curing apparatus, and reinstate connections following liner installation. These confined spaces present multiple hazards including oxygen deficiency or enrichment, accumulation of toxic gases from sewage decomposition or resin off-gassing, limited means of entry and exit that complicate emergency egress and rescue, potential for flooding from ongoing drainage flows or weather events, and the physical constraints that increase injury risk during material handling and equipment operation. Sewer gases including hydrogen sulfide and methane can accumulate to dangerous levels, with hydrogen sulfide being immediately dangerous to life and health at concentrations above 100ppm, while methane presents explosion risks when concentrations reach 5-15% by volume. The confined space environment also exacerbates chemical exposure risks, as resin vapours and styrene off-gassing can quickly reach toxic concentrations in enclosed areas with limited ventilation, overwhelming workers before they can evacuate or don respiratory protection. Biological hazards from sewage exposure pose significant disease risks during drain re-lining operations. Unlike new drain installations in clean environments, re-lining involves working within existing drainage systems that have carried wastewater, potentially for decades, accumulating pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microorganisms. Workers may be exposed through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of aerosols generated during cleaning or liner installation, or contamination of cuts and abrasions. Diseases associated with sewage exposure include leptospirosis (Weil's disease), hepatitis A and B, gastroenteritis from various bacterial and viral pathogens, tetanus, and parasitic infections. The risk is heightened during the pre-work cleaning phase when high-pressure water jetting can generate significant aerosols, and during liner installation when workers are in close proximity to contaminated manholes and access points. Without appropriate hygiene protocols, PPE, and medical surveillance including vaccination programs, workers face potentially serious illness with some conditions capable of causing permanent disability or death. The financial and legal consequences of inadequate safety management in drain re-lining operations can be severe. Serious chemical exposure incidents resulting in hospitalisation or long-term health effects trigger WorkSafe investigations and potential prosecution of the plumbing business and responsible persons under WHS legislation. Recent prosecutions in industries involving chemical exposure have resulted in fines exceeding $500,000 for companies and $100,000 for individuals, along with court-ordered safety improvements and ongoing regulatory oversight. Confined space fatalities, which remain tragically common in the plumbing industry, lead to particularly serious legal consequences given the well-established requirements for confined space safety. Insurance implications include increased premiums following serious incidents, potential policy exclusions for future confined space or chemical work, and significant excess payments for claims arising from inadequate safety procedures. The reputational damage from serious safety incidents can exclude contractors from tender opportunities with government agencies, utilities, and commercial clients who maintain rigorous contractor safety prequalification requirements. Implementing comprehensive SWMS for drain re-lining operations provides multiple benefits beyond regulatory compliance. Documented safety procedures reduce incident rates by providing clear guidance for hazard identification, selection of appropriate PPE, implementation of confined space controls, and chemical handling protocols. The SWMS supports worker training and induction by providing a structured framework for explaining hazards and control measures specific to drain re-lining work, ensuring apprentices and less experienced workers understand the risks and safe work procedures. For plumbing businesses, robust safety documentation demonstrates due diligence to regulators, strengthens tender applications for commercial and government projects, satisfies principal contractor safety requirements on construction sites, and supports systematic safety improvement through regular review and updates incorporating lessons learned from near-misses and changing work methods. The relatively modest investment in developing and implementing proper drain re-lining SWMS is far outweighed by the costs of workplace incidents, regulatory enforcement, insurance claims, and the potential loss of life or serious injury to valued workers.

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Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Chemical Exposure from Resin Systems

high

Drain re-lining involves extensive use of epoxy or polyester resin systems containing hazardous chemicals including styrene, hardeners, catalysts, and reactive compounds. Exposure occurs during resin mixing, liner impregnation, installation, and particularly during the curing process when chemical reactions generate heat and release volatile organic compounds. Styrene, commonly found in polyester resins, can cause respiratory irritation, neurological effects including dizziness and confusion, and is classified as a possible carcinogen with long-term exposure. Direct skin contact with uncured resins causes chemical burns, severe dermatitis, and can result in allergic sensitisation leading to permanent sensitivity. Inhalation of resin vapours, particularly in confined spaces or poorly ventilated areas, can cause acute respiratory distress and long-term lung damage. The exothermic curing reaction generates additional fumes and heat, with temperatures potentially exceeding 80°C in some resin systems, creating thermal hazards alongside chemical exposure. Workers who fail to use appropriate respiratory protection, chemical-resistant PPE, and proper ventilation controls risk both immediate health effects and cumulative exposure leading to chronic occupational disease.

Consequence: Acute respiratory distress, chemical burns, dermatitis, neurological impairment, potential long-term carcinogenic effects, allergic sensitisation, or serious illness requiring medical treatment

Confined Space Entry Hazards

high

Drain re-lining operations frequently require workers to enter confined spaces including manholes, inspection chambers, pump stations, and drainage pits to install equipment, feed liners, connect curing apparatus, and reinstate connections. These confined spaces present multiple serious hazards including oxygen deficiency from displacement by sewer gases or resin vapours, toxic gas accumulation including hydrogen sulfide from sewage decomposition and styrene from resin off-gassing, flammable atmosphere from methane accumulation, limited entry and exit points complicating emergency egress, and potential for engulfment from unexpected drainage flows. The confined space environment amplifies chemical exposure risks as resin vapours can rapidly reach dangerous concentrations in enclosed areas with restricted air circulation. During liner curing, heat and chemical emissions within the confined drainage system can create a highly hazardous atmosphere. Physical constraints within manholes and chambers increase manual handling risks, restrict worker movement, and complicate rescue operations should an emergency occur. Without proper atmospheric testing, continuous monitoring, ventilation, standby personnel, and emergency rescue provisions, confined space entry during drain re-lining work can result in fatalities, with many confined space deaths occurring when untrained would-be rescuers enter to assist the initial victim.

Consequence: Asphyxiation, toxic gas poisoning, explosion injuries, drowning from engulfment, inability to escape during emergencies, or fatality from oxygen-deficient atmosphere

Sewage and Biological Contamination

high

Working within existing drainage systems exposes workers to sewage, wastewater, and biological contaminants that have accumulated over years of drainage system operation. Unlike new drain installations, re-lining work involves direct contact with contaminated surfaces, exposure to sewage residues even after cleaning, and potential contact with ongoing wastewater flows during rehabilitation operations. Pathogenic organisms present in sewage include bacteria causing leptospirosis, typhoid, and gastroenteritis, viruses including hepatitis A and B, parasites, and fungi. Exposure occurs through direct skin contact with contaminated surfaces and equipment, inhalation of aerosols generated during high-pressure cleaning, ingestion through hand-to-mouth contact, and contamination of cuts, abrasions, or existing wounds. The high-pressure water jetting used for pre-work drain cleaning generates significant aerosols containing suspended sewage particles that can be inhaled or settle on skin and clothing. Workers entering manholes and chambers encounter surfaces coated with biofilm containing concentrated pathogen populations. Without appropriate PPE including waterproof gloves, face protection, protective clothing, and strict hygiene protocols, workers risk serious infectious diseases, some with potentially fatal outcomes or long-term health consequences.

Consequence: Leptospirosis (Weil's disease), hepatitis infection, gastroenteritis, tetanus, parasitic infections, septicemia from infected wounds, or serious illness requiring extended medical treatment

Equipment Operation and Liner Installation Hazards

medium

The drain re-lining process involves operating specialised equipment including resin mixing machinery, liner inversion equipment, hot water or steam curing systems, pressure monitoring devices, and material handling equipment for transporting and positioning the resin-impregnated liner. The liner inversion process uses water or air pressure to push the flexible liner through the existing pipe, creating pressurised system hazards if equipment fails or pressure is not properly controlled. Hot water or steam curing systems introduce thermal hazards, with water temperatures typically 60-95°C and steam systems even hotter, creating scalding risks from equipment leaks, hose failures, or improper connections. The resin-impregnated liner itself is heavy and unwieldy, typically weighing 100-300kg depending on diameter and length, requiring careful manual handling and mechanical assistance to prevent musculoskeletal injuries. Mixing equipment creates entanglement hazards with rotating paddles and mixers, noise hazards from pumps and compressors, and potential for equipment malfunction leading to uncontrolled resin spills. During the installation process, workers must manage the liner carefully to prevent tearing, ensure proper positioning, and maintain control throughout the inversion or pull-through process, with physical demands increasing in larger diameter pipes or longer installation runs.

Consequence: Musculoskeletal injuries from manual handling, crushing injuries from dropped liner, scalding from hot water/steam systems, entanglement in mixing equipment, or pressure-related injuries from system failures

Working in Live Drainage Systems

medium

Many drain re-lining operations must be performed while the drainage system remains in service, as completely shutting down sewerage systems may not be practical or possible, particularly in commercial buildings, multi-unit residential developments, or municipal infrastructure. Working in live systems presents multiple hazards including unexpected wastewater flows during installation, potential for surges following blockage clearance upstream, exposure to ongoing sewage discharge during connection reinstatement, buildup of sewer gases in active systems, and the possibility of sudden flooding from heavy rainfall or upstream discharge events. The presence of active flows complicates the installation process, potentially contaminating the liner during insertion, interfering with proper positioning and adhesion, and exposing workers to sewage during what would otherwise be cleaner installation phases. Gas accumulation is accelerated in active systems as ongoing decomposition of organic matter generates hydrogen sulfide and methane continuously. Workers must contend with time pressures to complete installations quickly to minimise system downtime, potentially leading to rushed procedures and increased error rates. By-pass pumping arrangements, while necessary to divert flows around the work area, introduce additional equipment, hoses, and connections that create trip hazards, electrical hazards near water, and potential for bypass system failures that flood the work area.

Consequence: Contamination from unexpected sewage flows, flooding of work areas, toxic gas exposure from active sewer gases, equipment damage from water intrusion, or increased biological exposure from ongoing system operation

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Comprehensive Chemical Management System

Elimination/Substitution

Implement a comprehensive chemical management system that eliminates or minimises exposure to hazardous resin systems through careful selection of materials, engineering controls, and work procedures. Where possible, specify lower-toxicity resin systems such as water-based or low-styrene formulations that reduce volatile organic compound emissions during mixing and curing. Assess different resin technologies including UV-cured systems that eliminate hot water curing requirements and reduce fume generation, ambient-cure systems that minimise heat and off-gassing, and encapsulated resin systems where the resin is contained within the liner fabric until installation, reducing handling exposure. Establish a formal chemical risk assessment process for all resin products, reviewing Safety Data Sheets (SDS), identifying high-risk components, and implementing specific controls for particularly hazardous substances. Engineer the work environment to minimise exposure through enclosed resin mixing systems with local exhaust ventilation, automated liner impregnation processes that reduce direct worker contact, and remote monitoring systems that allow workers to remain clear of high-exposure areas during curing. For unavoidable chemical handling tasks, implement administrative controls including work rotation to limit individual exposure duration, strict procedural controls for mixing ratios and processes to prevent errors that increase hazard levels, and comprehensive training on chemical hazards and safe handling procedures.

Implementation

1. Review and select lowest-toxicity resin systems compatible with the specific rehabilitation requirements, prioritising low-styrene or styrene-free formulations 2. Obtain and review Safety Data Sheets for all resin components, identifying hazardous ingredients and specific control measures required 3. Establish designated chemical mixing and preparation areas with proper ventilation, spill containment, eyewash stations, and emergency shower facilities 4. Install local exhaust ventilation systems at resin mixing stations to capture vapours and fumes at the source before they enter the worker breathing zone 5. Provide enclosed, automated mixing equipment where practical to minimise direct worker contact with liquid resins and hardeners 6. Implement strict work procedures for chemical handling including requirement for two-person teams during mixing to enable monitoring and emergency response 7. Establish chemical exposure monitoring program including periodic air sampling for styrene and other VOCs to verify effectiveness of controls 8. Rotate workers through high-exposure tasks to limit individual exposure duration and prevent cumulative effects 9. Maintain comprehensive chemical inventory and tracking system documenting quantities, storage locations, and expiry dates 10. Conduct regular training on chemical hazards, safe handling procedures, emergency response, and proper use of chemical-resistant PPE

Formal Confined Space Entry Procedures

Engineering/Administrative

Establish and implement formal confined space entry procedures that comply with Australian Standard AS 2865 for confined spaces, addressing all phases of drain re-lining work that requires entry to manholes, chambers, pits, and other enclosed structures. Implement a permit-to-work system requiring written authorisation before any confined space entry, with the permit documenting atmospheric testing results, ventilation arrangements, emergency procedures, and assigned roles including entrant, standby person, and entry supervisor. Conduct comprehensive atmospheric testing before entry and continuous monitoring throughout the work, testing for oxygen concentration (must be 19.5-23.5%), flammable gases, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and styrene or other resin vapours specific to the re-lining operation. Install forced-air ventilation using explosion-proof fans and ducting to maintain positive air exchange within the confined space, with ventilation continuing throughout the work period. Establish a standby person system requiring a trained worker stationed outside the confined space maintaining visual or voice contact with the entrant, monitoring conditions, and prepared to initiate emergency rescue without entering the space themselves. Provide retrieval equipment including rescue harnesses and tripod recovery systems for vertical-entry confined spaces such as manholes, enabling the standby person to extract the entrant without entering the hazardous atmosphere. Develop and rehearse emergency rescue procedures, including arrangements with emergency services familiar with confined space rescue and maintaining appropriate rescue equipment in operational condition.

Implementation

1. Identify all confined spaces on the project site including manholes, chambers, pits, and any other enclosed structures requiring entry 2. Classify each confined space and conduct risk assessment documenting specific hazards including sewage gases, resin vapours, structural issues, and access limitations 3. Develop written confined space entry procedures specific to drain re-lining operations addressing atmospheric testing, ventilation, emergency procedures, and communication 4. Implement permit-to-work system requiring completed and authorised entry permit before any confined space access 5. Conduct pre-entry atmospheric testing measuring oxygen, flammable gases, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and resin vapours using calibrated, certified instruments 6. Install forced-air ventilation providing minimum 6 air changes per hour, positioning intake away from contamination sources and exhaust to safely disperse removed air 7. Establish continuous atmospheric monitoring throughout the entry period with audible alarms alerting to dangerous conditions 8. Assign and train standby person who remains outside the confined space, maintains contact with entrant, and can initiate emergency rescue 9. Provide and maintain retrieval equipment including full-body harness, tripod, and rescue winch for vertical entries allowing non-entry rescue 10. Brief all personnel on emergency procedures including evacuation signals, rescue activation process, and prohibition on untrained entry for rescue attempts 11. Maintain communication between entrant and standby person through voice contact, radio, or direct line-of-sight as appropriate to the space configuration 12. Document all confined space entries including atmospheric readings, duration, personnel involved, and any incidents or near-misses for continuous improvement

Sewage Exposure Prevention and Hygiene Protocol

Engineering/Administrative/PPE

Implement a comprehensive sewage exposure prevention and hygiene protocol that minimises biological hazards through engineering controls, work procedures, personal protective equipment, and medical surveillance. Engineer the work process to reduce sewage contact including thorough high-pressure water jetting and cleaning before any re-lining work, use of remote inspection equipment (CCTV) to minimise physical entry to contaminated areas, and implementation of bypass pumping to divert active flows around work areas during liner installation. Establish strict hygiene protocols including provision of hand washing facilities with soap and running water at all work sites, prohibition of eating, drinking, or smoking in contaminated areas or while wearing contaminated PPE, and requirement for workers to wash hands and forearms thoroughly before meals and at the end of each shift. Provide appropriate PPE including waterproof gloves (nitrile or neoprene) for all sewage contact work, face shields or goggles to protect against splashes and aerosols, waterproof protective clothing or disposable coveralls for work in manholes or contaminated environments, and respiratory protection when aerosol generation is unavoidable. Implement a medical surveillance program including pre-placement assessment to establish baseline health status, vaccination against hepatitis A and B for all workers regularly exposed to sewage, tetanus vaccination maintained current, and protocols for immediate medical assessment following significant exposures or development of symptoms suggesting sewage-related illness.

Implementation

1. Conduct thorough high-pressure water jetting of all drainage to be re-lined, removing sewage residues, biofilm, and contamination before liner installation 2. Establish designated clean and contaminated zones on work sites, with clear separation and controls preventing cross-contamination 3. Provide hand washing facilities with soap, running water, and paper towels at all work locations, positioned for easy access when exiting contaminated areas 4. Install safety signage prohibiting eating, drinking, or smoking in contaminated work areas and requiring hand washing before these activities 5. Supply appropriate PPE including waterproof gloves, face protection, protective clothing, and respiratory protection for aerosol exposure, ensuring adequate quantities for task duration 6. Train workers on proper PPE donning and doffing procedures to prevent self-contamination, and provide dedicated areas for PPE removal and disposal 7. Establish protocols for immediate first aid treatment of contaminated cuts or abrasions including thorough washing, antiseptic treatment, and covering with waterproof dressings 8. Implement medical surveillance program including hepatitis A and B vaccination series for all workers regularly exposed to sewage environments 9. Maintain current tetanus vaccination for all workers, with boosters administered per medical guidelines 10. Provide worker education on sewage-related diseases, early symptom recognition, and importance of reporting potential exposures to supervisors and seeking medical assessment 11. Establish procedures for medical assessment following significant exposures including splashes to face/eyes, contamination of open wounds, or ingestion 12. Maintain records of vaccinations, medical assessments, and exposure incidents to support ongoing health surveillance and workers' compensation claims if required

Equipment Safety and Operational Controls

Engineering/Administrative

Implement comprehensive equipment safety controls covering all specialised drain re-lining plant including resin mixing machinery, liner inversion systems, hot water or steam curing equipment, pressure monitoring devices, and material handling equipment. Ensure all equipment is properly maintained, inspected before each use, and operated only by trained, competent personnel who understand both the equipment function and the specific hazards involved. Establish preventive maintenance schedules for all critical equipment with documented inspections, testing, and repairs maintaining equipment in safe working order. For pressure equipment including liner inversion systems and hot water curing apparatus, implement pressure relief devices, pressure gauges with clear safe operating range markings, and interlocks or alarms that activate if pressure exceeds safe limits. Guard rotating equipment including resin mixers and pumps to prevent entanglement or contact with moving parts. Provide emergency stops on powered equipment positioned for easy access if operator needs to quickly shut down machinery. For thermal equipment including hot water and steam curing systems, insulate pipework and connections to prevent contact burns, install temperature monitoring to verify system operates within design parameters, and establish procedures for safely depressurising and cooling systems before disconnection or maintenance. Implement lockout-tagout procedures for any maintenance or adjustment work on equipment, ensuring energy sources are isolated and equipment cannot be inadvertently started during servicing.

Implementation

1. Develop equipment register documenting all drain re-lining plant and machinery including purchase date, maintenance history, and certification records 2. Establish preventive maintenance schedules for each equipment type with specific inspection points, testing requirements, and service intervals based on manufacturer recommendations 3. Conduct pre-start inspections before each use, checking pressure hoses for damage, electrical connections for integrity, mixing equipment for proper guarding, and safety devices for function 4. Verify pressure relief devices on all pressurised equipment are functional and set to correct relief pressure, testing periodically per maintenance schedule 5. Train all operators on specific equipment they will use, covering normal operation, emergency procedures, hazard identification, and basic troubleshooting 6. Implement permit-to-work system for any equipment maintenance, repair, or modification, requiring energy isolation and lockout-tagout procedures 7. Provide insulation or guarding on all hot surfaces including steam lines, hot water hoses, and curing equipment to prevent contact burns 8. Install temperature and pressure monitoring on curing systems with visible gauges allowing operators to verify conditions remain within safe parameters 9. Establish maximum working pressure limits for liner inversion equipment based on pipe conditions and liner specifications, with procedures preventing over-pressurisation 10. Maintain safety data sheets and operating manuals for all equipment at work sites, accessible to operators and maintenance personnel 11. Investigate and document any equipment failures, near-misses, or unexpected conditions, implementing corrective actions to prevent recurrence

Live Drainage System Work Procedures

Administrative

Develop and implement specific work procedures for drain re-lining operations that must be performed in live drainage systems where complete isolation of flows is not practical. Conduct pre-work planning to assess drainage loads, identify upstream discharge sources, determine practicality of temporary flow diversion, and schedule work during lowest-flow periods to minimise exposure to active sewage. Implement bypass pumping arrangements where practical, using submersible pumps and appropriate hose or pipework to divert flows around the work area during liner installation and curing. Establish communication protocols with building occupants, facility managers, or municipal authorities to control or minimise discharge during critical installation phases, and install signage or barriers at upstream discharge points requesting reduced usage during specified periods. Monitor weather forecasts and avoid scheduling critical installation activities during periods of predicted heavy rainfall that would increase drainage flows. Develop contingency plans for unexpected flow surges including procedures for rapid system shutdown, liner protection, and worker evacuation from confined spaces if flooding occurs. Provide additional PPE and contamination controls for work in active systems recognising the increased exposure to sewage and gases. Establish accelerated work procedures that enable efficient liner installation during available low-flow windows while maintaining safety standards and not encouraging rushed or unsafe work practices.

Implementation

1. Conduct detailed assessment of drainage loads including daily flow patterns, peak discharge periods, and typical overnight minimum flows to identify optimal work windows 2. Identify all upstream discharge sources including fixtures, appliances, and connections that contribute to flows in the section to be re-lined 3. Establish communication with building occupants, facility managers, or municipal authorities to coordinate work timing and request cooperation in minimising discharge 4. Install bypass pumping systems where practical, sizing pumps appropriately for expected flows and providing backup pumps or alternative arrangements for equipment failure 5. Position bypass pump intake upstream of work area and discharge downstream, ensuring hoses or pipes are secured to prevent displacement and protected from damage or traffic 6. Test bypass pumping systems before commencing liner installation to verify capacity and identify any issues requiring correction 7. Monitor weather forecasts leading up to planned installation dates, rescheduling if significant rainfall is predicted during critical curing periods 8. Establish rapid shutdown procedures enabling quick cessation of installation activities and liner protection if unexpected high flows occur 9. Brief all workers on evacuation procedures from confined spaces, with clear signals and communication methods for emergency extraction 10. Provide enhanced PPE for work in active systems including face shields, waterproof clothing, and respiratory protection against aerosols from active flows

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Personal protective equipment

Chemical-Resistant Gloves

Requirement: Nitrile or butyl rubber gloves minimum 0.4mm thickness, meeting AS/NZS 2161.1. Extended cuff design covering forearms for resin handling.

When: Required for all resin mixing, liner preparation, and handling of uncured materials. Must be inspected before each use and replaced if damaged or contaminated.

Respiratory Protection

Requirement: Half-face or full-face respirator with organic vapour cartridges (Class A) meeting AS/NZS 1716, or supplied-air respirator for confined space entry during curing operations with high styrene concentrations.

When: Required during resin mixing, liner impregnation, and throughout curing phase when air monitoring indicates styrene or other VOC levels exceed 50% of exposure standard. Mandatory for confined space work where atmospheric testing shows contamination.

Chemical Protective Clothing

Requirement: Disposable chemical-resistant coveralls meeting AS/NZS 4501.2 Type 4 or reusable chemical-resistant jacket and trousers. Waterproof material providing splash protection.

When: Required for all resin mixing and liner handling activities. Also required when working in manholes or contaminated drainage environments where sewage contact is possible.

Face and Eye Protection

Requirement: Safety goggles meeting AS/NZS 1337.1 with indirect ventilation, or full-face shield meeting AS/NZS 1337.1 providing splash protection for chemical handling. Face shield mandatory for resin mixing.

When: Required whenever handling liquid resins, hardeners, or catalysts. Goggles required for all drain re-lining work. Full-face shield required during mixing operations and when splash risk is elevated.

Safety Footwear

Requirement: Steel-capped, chemical-resistant safety boots meeting AS/NZS 2210.3, with slip-resistant soles and waterproof construction suitable for wet environments.

When: Required at all times on drain re-lining work sites. Waterproof construction essential when working in or near drainage systems, manholes, or areas contaminated with sewage.

Confined Space Harness and Retrieval Equipment

Requirement: Full-body harness meeting AS/NZS 1891.1 with dorsal and front D-rings for vertical entry confined spaces. Tripod and rescue winch meeting AS/NZS 1891.3 for manhole entry.

When: Required for all confined space entry including manholes and inspection chambers. Harness must be worn by entrant connected to retrieval line enabling non-entry rescue by standby person.

High-Visibility Clothing

Requirement: Class D day/night high-visibility garments meeting AS/NZS 4602.1 with reflective striping providing 360-degree visibility.

When: Required when working in roadways, traffic areas, or any location where vehicle or mobile plant movement presents struck-by hazards. Must be worn over chemical protective clothing where both are required.

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

✓Verify all personnel have completed drain re-lining training including chemical handling, confined space entry, and emergency procedures
✓Confirm atmospheric testing equipment is calibrated within certification period and operational, testing for oxygen, flammable gases, CO, H2S, and VOCs
✓Inspect all respiratory protection equipment including cartridges within expiry date, straps intact, and fit-test current for each user
✓Check chemical-resistant PPE for damage, tears, or contamination, ensuring adequate supplies for all workers throughout the task
✓Verify confined space entry permit completed and authorised, with standby person assigned and emergency procedures reviewed
✓Inspect resin mixing equipment including ventilation systems operational, emergency stops functional, and guarding in place
✓Confirm all resin materials are within expiry dates, properly labelled, and Safety Data Sheets available at work site
✓Check liner condition and ensure proper storage prior to impregnation, verifying dimensions match pipe requirements
✓Verify bypass pumping systems (if required) are operational, appropriately sized, and positioned correctly to divert drainage flows
✓Inspect retrieval equipment for confined spaces including harness, tripod, and rescue winch in good condition and certified current
✓Confirm eyewash stations and emergency shower facilities available and operational at chemical mixing and handling areas
✓Review weather forecast for work period, verifying no heavy rainfall predicted during critical installation and curing phases

During work

✓Continuously monitor atmospheric conditions during confined space entry, with audible alarms activated if hazardous atmosphere develops
✓Maintain standby person stationed outside confined space with continuous communication and visual or voice contact with entrant
✓Monitor resin mixing process ensuring proper ventilation operation, correct mixing ratios, and workers using required PPE
✓Verify ongoing effectiveness of bypass pumping if installed, checking for flow capacity and identifying any signs of system failure
✓Inspect liner during installation for tears, proper positioning, and correct inversion or pull-through progress
✓Monitor curing process including temperature, pressure (if applicable), and duration to ensure specification compliance
✓Check workers regularly for signs of chemical exposure including respiratory irritation, dizziness, skin reactions, or other symptoms
✓Maintain forced-air ventilation in confined spaces throughout entry period, verifying adequate air exchange rates
✓Monitor for unexpected drainage flows or surges that could compromise installation or expose workers to sewage
✓Ensure all waste materials including contaminated PPE, resin containers, and cleaning materials properly contained for correct disposal

After work

✓Conduct final atmospheric testing in confined spaces before final entry for connection reinstatement or inspection
✓Verify liner cure completion through temperature verification, tactile inspection, or other specified testing methods
✓Inspect reinstated connections for proper sealing and alignment with liner
✓Conduct final CCTV inspection of completed re-lined section verifying quality and identifying any defects requiring remediation
✓Remove and properly dispose of all waste materials including contaminated PPE, resin containers, and cleaning residues per environmental regulations
✓Decontaminate all equipment used in sewage-contaminated areas before removal from site or storage
✓Document completion including as-installed dimensions, resin batch numbers, cure times and temperatures, and any variations from planned procedures
✓Review any incidents, near-misses, or issues encountered during the work, documenting lessons learned for future improvements

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Pre-work Investigation and Drain Preparation

Commence drain re-lining operations with comprehensive investigation and preparation of the existing drainage system. Conduct CCTV inspection of the drainage section to be re-lined, documenting pipe condition, damage locations, diameter, length, connection positions, and any obstacles that may affect liner installation. Review CCTV footage to identify structural issues including cracks, breaks, joint separation, or collapse requiring assessment for suitability of re-lining versus replacement. Measure pipe dimensions accurately to specify correct liner diameter and length. Following inspection, perform high-pressure water jetting to thoroughly clean the pipe, removing debris, scale, root intrusions, sewage residues, and biofilm that would prevent proper liner adhesion or interfere with installation. Verify cleaning effectiveness through follow-up CCTV inspection. Establish work area controls including traffic management if working in roadway, barriers around manholes and access points, and coordination with building occupants or authorities regarding potential service disruption. Verify all permits and approvals are in place including confined space entry permits, road occupancy permits if applicable, and any required approvals from asset owners or authorities.

Safety considerations

High-pressure water jetting generates aerosols containing sewage particles requiring face protection and respiratory protection. Confined space entry for CCTV inspection requires atmospheric testing, ventilation, and standby person. Manual handling of jetting equipment and hose reels may cause musculoskeletal strain. Traffic hazards exist when working in roadways requiring high-visibility clothing and traffic control.

Liner Preparation and Resin Impregnation

Prepare the liner and impregnate with appropriate resin system following manufacturer specifications and safety procedures. Select resin system appropriate for pipe material, diameter, expected service conditions, and curing method to be used. Establish designated chemical mixing area with local exhaust ventilation, spill containment, eyewash station, and appropriate firefighting equipment for chemical fires. Don complete chemical-resistant PPE including gloves, protective clothing, face shield, and organic vapour respirator before handling any resin components. Mix resin system according to manufacturer ratios using calibrated measuring equipment, combining base resin, hardener, and catalyst as specified. Operate mixing equipment carefully avoiding splashes and spills, with two-person teams enabling monitoring and emergency response. Impregnate the felt or fibreglass liner tube with mixed resin, ensuring complete and uniform saturation throughout the liner length. For pre-impregnated liners supplied by manufacturer, verify proper storage temperature was maintained and liner remains within specified shelf life. Package impregnated liner in protective wrapping preventing resin loss or contamination during transport to installation site. Maintain strict time controls as mixed resins have limited pot life before curing begins, requiring installation to commence within specified period after mixing.

Safety considerations

Resin mixing involves direct handling of hazardous chemicals with skin contact causing severe dermatitis and inhalation of styrene vapours causing respiratory and neurological effects. Spills create chemical exposure and slip hazards requiring immediate containment and cleanup. Exothermic reaction during mixing generates heat requiring careful monitoring. Enclosed mixing areas require continuous ventilation to prevent dangerous vapour accumulation.

Transport and Site Setup

Transport the prepared, resin-impregnated liner to the installation site using appropriate vehicles and handling methods that prevent damage, contamination, or premature curing. Maintain cool transport conditions if specified by resin manufacturer to control cure rate and preserve pot life. Coordinate timing to arrive at site with sufficient time remaining within pot life for installation and curing. Establish site setup including positioning of equipment, materials, and access arrangements. For inversion installation method, set up inversion equipment including water or air supply system, pressure monitoring equipment, and controls at the insertion manhole or access point. For pull-in-place method, position winching equipment at the exit point and feeding apparatus at entry location. Install bypass pumping if required to divert active drainage flows around the work section, testing pump capacity and verifying upstream and downstream connections are secure and properly positioned. Establish confined space entry controls including atmospheric testing, forced-air ventilation, standby person positioning, retrieval equipment setup, and emergency communication systems. Brief all personnel on installation procedures, specific hazards for this site, emergency procedures, and assigned roles. Conduct final verification that all equipment is operational, PPE is distributed and donned correctly, and all safety controls are in place before commencing liner installation.

Safety considerations

Manual handling of heavy liner (potentially 100-300kg) risks musculoskeletal injury requiring mechanical assistance or multiple workers. Resin continues to off-gas during transport and setup requiring ventilation and respiratory protection. Bypass pumps introduce electrical hazards near water, trip hazards from hoses, and potential flooding if system fails. Confined space hazards from manholes require atmospheric testing before any entry even for equipment setup.

Liner Installation by Inversion or Pull-Through

Install the resin-impregnated liner into the existing drainage pipe using either inversion method or pull-through method depending on site conditions, pipe configuration, and liner specification. For inversion installation, seal the liner at the insertion point, introduce water or air pressure to invert the liner through the pipe, with the resin-coated side gradually rolling to the outside as it travels through the pipe. Monitor inversion pressure carefully maintaining within specified range to prevent liner damage or inadequate pressure for complete installation. Control inversion rate through pressure adjustment ensuring smooth, controlled progress. For pull-through installation, feed a winch cable or rope through the drainage pipe from entry to exit point, attach to the liner leading edge, and carefully pull the liner through the pipe while feeding from the entry location. Coordinate pulling and feeding to maintain controlled movement preventing snagging, tearing, or bunching. Monitor liner position during installation using CCTV if available or through access points to verify proper alignment and full travel to required end point. Ensure liner covers full length of deteriorated section and properly positions at each end for connection. Once liner is fully installed and positioned, it may be inflated with air or water to hold it firmly against the host pipe wall during the curing process, maintaining specified pressure throughout cure period.

Safety considerations

Pressurised inversion creates risk of sudden pressure release or liner blowout if pressure exceeds safe limits or liner fails. Confined space entry during installation exposes workers to sewage residues despite pre-cleaning. Manual handling during pull-through installation creates musculoskeletal strain. Equipment failure during installation can result in liner damage requiring removal and re-start with associated chemical exposure during cleanup.

Liner Curing Process

Cure the installed liner according to the specified resin system method, which may be hot water cure, steam cure, UV light cure, or ambient temperature cure. For hot water curing, circulate heated water (typically 60-95°C) through the liner using a closed-loop system, monitoring temperature continuously to maintain within specification throughout the cure period (typically 2-6 hours depending on resin system, liner thickness, and ambient conditions). For steam cure, introduce steam into the liner maintaining specified temperature and ensuring safe condensate removal. Monitor pressure throughout the cure process to verify liner remains pressed firmly against host pipe wall. For UV cure systems, insert UV light train into the liner and progress through at specified rate, with cure occurring rapidly as light passes. During any curing method, monitor atmospheric conditions in nearby manholes and confined spaces as resin off-gassing increases significantly during the exothermic cure reaction, with styrene and other volatile compounds being released. Maintain forced-air ventilation in all accessible points of the drainage system. Restrict access to confined spaces during active curing unless atmospheric testing confirms safe conditions and continuous monitoring is in place. Prevent any ignition sources near the drainage system during cure as some resin vapours are flammable. Once specified cure time and temperature profile is achieved, allow the liner to cool gradually before depressurising or removing cure equipment. Verify cure completion before proceeding to next phase.

Safety considerations

Hot water and steam curing systems create scalding hazards from leaks, hose failures, or equipment malfunction with water/steam at 60-95°C or higher. Exothermic curing reaction releases significant styrene and VOC vapours creating toxic atmosphere in confined drainage system requiring ventilation and atmospheric monitoring. Heat generated during cure can reach temperatures exceeding 80°C presenting thermal hazards. Depressurising system prematurely can cause liner collapse or damage requiring re-work with additional chemical exposure.

End Trimming and Connection Reinstatement

Following successful curing and cooling of the liner, trim the liner ends and reinstate connections to restore full drainage functionality. Conduct atmospheric testing of manholes and access points before any confined space entry for trimming work, as resin vapours may still be present following curing. Ventilate enclosed spaces and verify safe atmosphere before entry. Cut liner ends flush with manhole walls or at specified locations using appropriate cutting tools, avoiding damage to the cured liner or host pipe. For remote cutting, use robotic cutters operated via CCTV control to avoid confined space entry where practical. Reinstate lateral connections that were covered during liner installation by cutting openings in the liner at connection locations using specialised cutting equipment or robotic systems. Verify each connection is properly located before cutting to avoid incorrect cuts damaging the liner. Ensure cut edges are smooth and properly finished. For connections, verify the junction between the main liner and lateral pipe is properly sealed and structurally sound. Remove all cutting debris and waste material from the drainage system. Conduct intermediate CCTV inspection following trimming and connection reinstatement to verify quality before final acceptance.

Safety considerations

Confined space entry for manual trimming requires full confined space controls including atmospheric testing showing acceptable styrene and VOC levels. Cutting tools create potential for lacerations and injuries in confined workspace. Residual resin vapours may still present chemical exposure requiring continued respiratory protection. Debris from cutting operations must be prevented from blocking downstream drainage. Sharp cut edges of cured liner can cause cuts during handling.

Quality Testing and Final Inspection

Conduct comprehensive quality testing and final inspection to verify the re-lined drain meets specification and is ready for return to service. Perform final CCTV inspection of the complete re-lined section, documenting liner condition, connection reinstatements, internal surface quality, and identifying any defects including wrinkles, gaps, incomplete cure, or damage requiring remediation. Review CCTV footage against specification requirements verifying liner provides full coverage of damaged sections, connections are properly cut and sealed, and internal diameter is adequate for design flow requirements. Conduct pressure or leak testing if specified, particularly for pressure systems or where specification requires verification of liner integrity. Document all test results with timestamps, personnel involved, equipment used, and pass/fail determination. For any identified defects, implement remedial procedures which may include local repairs, additional curing, or in extreme cases removal and replacement of the liner section. Once all testing is satisfactorily completed and documented, prepare handover documentation including as-installed drawings showing liner location and extent, material certificates for resin system used, cure temperature and time records, CCTV inspection records, test certificates, and any variations from original specification. Coordinate with asset owner or client for final acceptance and handover. Ensure all work areas are cleaned, equipment removed, manholes and access points properly replaced and secured, traffic management removed, and site restored to pre-work condition or as specified.

Safety considerations

Final CCTV inspection requires confined space entry with associated hazards of atmospheric contamination, limited access/egress, and potential ongoing resin off-gassing. Pressure testing introduces hazards of sudden pressure release if liner has defects. Manual handling of manhole lids and covers during reinstatement creates musculoskeletal and crushing hazards. Traffic hazards exist during site restoration and equipment removal in roadway locations.

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Frequently asked questions

What specific training do workers need before performing drain re-lining operations?

Workers performing drain re-lining must hold current plumbing licences and complete specialised training covering multiple aspects of this complex work. Core training requirements include confined space entry training addressing atmospheric hazards, entry procedures, emergency response, and use of monitoring and ventilation equipment. Chemical handling training specific to resin systems is essential, covering hazard identification, safe mixing and handling procedures, use of chemical-resistant PPE, emergency response to spills and exposures, and health effects of styrene and other resin components. Workers must understand the specific drain re-lining technology being used including liner types, resin systems, installation methods (inversion or pull-through), and curing procedures. Training should include practical hands-on experience under supervision before workers are authorised to perform re-lining independently. Additional training requirements include working at heights if accessing roof-level manholes, traffic management if working in roadways, and first aid with emphasis on chemical exposure treatment. Refresher training should be conducted annually and whenever new equipment, materials, or procedures are introduced. Training records must be maintained demonstrating all workers have completed required programs before being assigned to drain re-lining tasks.

How do I select appropriate respiratory protection for different phases of drain re-lining work?

Respiratory protection selection for drain re-lining depends on the specific work phase, atmospheric testing results, and duration of exposure. For resin mixing and liner impregnation in well-ventilated areas, half-face respirators with organic vapour cartridges (Class A per AS/NZS 1716) typically provide adequate protection if air monitoring shows styrene levels below 50ppm. When working in confined spaces during liner installation or connection reinstatement, conduct atmospheric testing for styrene and other VOCs; if levels exceed 50ppm or oxygen is below 19.5%, supplied-air respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used rather than air-purifying respirators. During the curing phase, styrene emissions increase significantly due to the exothermic reaction, and confined spaces should be evacuated entirely with no entry permitted until post-cure atmospheric testing confirms safe conditions. If entry during or immediately after curing is unavoidable for monitoring or emergency purposes, supplied-air respirators or SCBA must be used as cartridge respirators cannot provide adequate protection at the high concentrations generated. Full-face respirators provide better protection than half-face versions and should be specified for longer-duration tasks or when eye protection is also required. All respirators must be fit-tested for each worker as facial features affect seal effectiveness, and workers must be medically cleared for respirator use. Cartridges must be replaced per manufacturer specifications based on exposure levels and duration, not reused beyond service life. Maintain atmospheric monitoring throughout all work phases to verify respiratory protection remains appropriate for actual conditions encountered.

What atmospheric testing is required before and during confined space entry for drain re-lining work?

Comprehensive atmospheric testing is essential for drain re-lining confined space work as multiple hazardous atmospheres can develop from both sewage decomposition and resin off-gassing. Pre-entry testing must measure oxygen concentration (acceptable range 19.5-23.5%), flammable gases using LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) measurement (must be below 5% LEL), carbon monoxide (must be below 30ppm time-weighted average), hydrogen sulfide from sewage decomposition (must be below 10ppm), and styrene or other VOCs from resin systems (should be below 50ppm or 50% of exposure standard). Testing must be conducted at multiple levels within the confined space as gases stratify with lighter-than-air gases accumulating at top and heavier-than-air gases settling at bottom—testing only at one level can miss dangerous atmospheres. Use calibrated, bump-tested instruments with current certification, and verify instrument function with test gas before use. If initial testing reveals unacceptable conditions, implement forced-air ventilation and retest until acceptable atmosphere is achieved and maintained. During entry, continuous monitoring is required with personal gas monitors worn by entrants and fixed monitors at entry points providing real-time readings visible to the standby person. Set alarms to activate before dangerous levels are reached, typically at 19.5% oxygen (low alarm) and 23.5% oxygen (high alarm), 10% LEL for flammable gases, 30ppm for carbon monoxide, 10ppm for hydrogen sulfide, and 50ppm for styrene. If atmospheric conditions deteriorate during entry, evacuate immediately and do not re-enter until ventilation restores acceptable conditions. Document all atmospheric testing results on confined space entry permits including instrument serial numbers, readings at different levels, and times of testing.

What are the specific controls for working with hot water and steam curing systems?

Hot water and steam curing systems introduce serious thermal hazards requiring specific engineering and procedural controls. Equipment must be properly designed and maintained with all pressure vessels, boilers, and heat exchangers meeting relevant Australian Standards and holding current inspection certificates. Install pressure relief valves on all pressurised components, set to relieve before dangerous pressures develop, and ensure relief valve discharge is directed to safe location where steam or hot water release won't injure workers. Use only hoses and fittings rated for the maximum temperature and pressure of the curing system, with regular inspections identifying deterioration, damage, or leaks requiring replacement. Insulate all hot water and steam lines to prevent contact burns, clearly marking hot components with warning labels and colour coding. Install temperature and pressure gauges at multiple points enabling operators to monitor system conditions and identify developing problems before failures occur. Establish clear procedures for connecting and disconnecting hot water or steam supply to the liner, requiring pressure and temperature reduction, cooling periods, and use of appropriate tools and PPE. Brief all personnel on thermal hazards and emergency procedures if equipment fails or leaks develop during curing operations. Provide thermal-resistant gloves for any handling of hot equipment or connections, and ensure adequate water supply for emergency cooling if burns occur. Position emergency stops and isolation valves for quick access if rapid system shutdown is required. For steam systems specifically, install steam traps and condensate removal provisions preventing water hammer and pressure surges that can cause fitting failures. Implement lockout-tagout procedures for any maintenance on hot water or steam equipment, with cooling periods and temperature verification before any components are opened or adjusted. Never operate curing systems without continuous monitoring, and establish maximum unattended operating periods requiring periodic checks even if automated controls are provided.

How should I manage waste and environmental compliance for drain re-lining operations?

Drain re-lining generates several waste streams requiring careful management to comply with environmental regulations and prevent pollution. Uncured resin waste including empty resin containers, contaminated mixing equipment, used PPE exposed to liquid resin, and any surplus or spilled resin material is classified as hazardous waste requiring disposal through licensed hazardous waste contractors—never dispose of uncured resin in general waste or sewage systems. Cured resin waste, including offcuts from trimming, cured resin in containers that has exceeded pot life, and failed liner sections can typically be disposed as general construction waste, but verify with local environmental authorities as classification may vary by jurisdiction. Contaminated PPE including gloves, coveralls, and respiratory protection cartridges used in resin handling or sewage-exposed work should be treated as hazardous waste if contaminated with uncured resin or infectious if contaminated with sewage. Establish designated waste collection points at work sites with clearly labelled containers segregating different waste types preventing cross-contamination. For liquid resin spills, contain immediately using absorbent materials, collect contaminated absorbent, and dispose as hazardous waste—document spill details including volume, containment measures, and disposal arrangements. Wastewater from drain cleaning including jetting discharge water and bypass pumping flows may contain sewage requiring discharge to sewer system or trade waste approval, not to stormwater systems or waterways. During liner installation and curing, prevent resin-contaminated water from entering stormwater systems by containing any discharge and properly disposing via sewer or licensed liquid waste contractor. Maintain waste consignment records demonstrating proper disposal of all hazardous and contaminated materials, with copies of waste tracking documents and disposal certificates retained for regulatory compliance and audit purposes. Implement spill kits at all work sites containing absorbent materials, barriers, containment items, and spill response instructions enabling immediate response to resin or chemical releases. Train all workers on waste segregation requirements and environmental obligations, emphasising that improper disposal can result in significant environmental penalties and prosecution of the business and responsible individuals.

What quality control and testing procedures are essential for drain re-lining work?

Comprehensive quality control throughout the drain re-lining process ensures the finished installation meets specifications and provides the intended 50+ year service life. Pre-work quality control begins with CCTV inspection documenting existing pipe condition and verifying suitability for re-lining—pipes with severe structural collapse, active water infiltration, or severe deformation may not be suitable candidates requiring conventional replacement instead. Verify cleaning effectiveness through post-jetting CCTV inspection confirming all debris, roots, scale, and contamination has been removed to enable proper liner adhesion. During liner preparation, document resin batch numbers, mixing ratios, pot life start time, and ambient temperature affecting cure rate, maintaining records enabling traceability if problems emerge. For pre-impregnated liners, verify storage temperatures were maintained within specification and liner has not exceeded shelf life. During installation, monitor inversion or pull-through process verifying liner travels full required distance without tearing, bunching, or misalignment. Record installation parameters including pressures, speeds, and any difficulties encountered. Throughout curing, continuously monitor and record temperature profiles at multiple points, duration of cure cycle, and pressure maintenance verifying compliance with resin manufacturer specifications and liner design requirements. Following cure completion, allow adequate cooling time before trimming or testing—premature disturbance can compromise cure quality. Conduct detailed post-installation CCTV inspection examining entire liner length, documenting internal surface quality, identifying any defects including wrinkles, gaps, incomplete cure, delamination, or damage, and verifying connection reinstatements are properly located and cut. For critical applications or where specified, perform physical testing including core sampling to verify wall thickness and cure quality, tensile strength testing, flexural testing, or other destructive tests on samples. Some specifications require pressure testing or leak testing to verify liner integrity, particularly for pressure systems or in contaminated ground conditions. Document all quality testing with photographs, video recordings, test certificates, and written reports providing objective evidence of compliance. For any identified defects, implement remediation before final acceptance, which may include local repairs using compatible resin, additional curing cycles, or complete liner replacement if defects are severe. Only after all quality requirements are satisfied should the re-lined drain be accepted and returned to service, with comprehensive handover documentation provided to the asset owner including as-installed records, material certificates, test results, and warranty information.

Overview

Drain re-lining represents a significant advancement in drainage repair technology, offering a minimally invasive alternative to traditional dig-and-replace methods. The process involves inserting a resin-impregnated flexible liner into the existing damaged pipe, positioning it correctly, and then curing the resin to create a new structural pipe within the old one. This technique can be applied to various pipe materials including clay, concrete, cast iron, and PVC, and is effective for pipes ranging from 100mm to over 600mm in diameter. The rehabilitation process restores structural integrity, eliminates leaks and infiltration, and can extend the service life of drainage systems by 50 years or more.

Why This SWMS Matters

Drain re-lining operations present significant safety challenges that require comprehensive hazard management and safety procedures. Workers face exposure to hazardous chemicals including epoxy and polyester resins, hardeners, and styrene vapours during the mixing, installation, and curing phases. Confined space entry is frequently required to access manholes, inspection chambers, and pump stations for liner installation and equipment setup. The chemical curing process generates heat and potentially toxic fumes, particularly in enclosed drainage systems with limited ventilation. Additionally, working within existing drainage systems exposes workers to sewage, biological contaminants, and the ongoing flow of wastewater during rehabilitation operations. Under Australian WHS legislation, these high-risk activities require comprehensive Safe Work Method Statements to protect workers and ensure regulatory compliance. This SWMS addresses the specific hazards of drain re-lining work, implements appropriate control measures following the hierarchy of control, and establishes clear procedures for safe execution of all re-lining activities from pre-work preparation through final quality testing and site restoration.

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