Comprehensive SWMS for Safe Ladder Selection and Use

Ladders Safe Work Method Statement

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Ladder work remains one of the most common access methods in construction despite being classified as a higher-risk option requiring comprehensive safety controls. Extension ladders, step ladders, and platform ladders provide temporary access for inspection, minor repairs, and short-duration tasks where more substantial access equipment is impractical. This SWMS addresses the critical safety requirements for ladder use including appropriate task assessment, ladder selection and inspection, correct setup and securing, maintaining three points of contact, and implementing fall protection for extended work in compliance with Australian WHS regulations and industry best practices.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Ladders represent the most portable and accessible height access equipment, making them ubiquitous across construction sites, maintenance facilities, and industrial environments. However, this convenience comes with significant hazards—ladder falls consistently rank among the leading causes of serious injuries in Australian workplaces. Understanding when ladders are appropriate access methods, how to select suitable ladder types, proper setup and securing techniques, and safe use procedures is essential for workers at all levels of the construction industry. Extension ladders consist of two or more sections that slide to extend the ladder's reach, typically available in lengths from 4 metres up to 12 metres when fully extended. These ladders must be positioned at the correct angle of 75 degrees (or a 4:1 ratio—one unit out from the wall for every four units of vertical height), with the ladder extending at least 900mm above the landing point to provide a secure handhold for stepping on and off. Extension ladders require firm level ground for the base and a stable vertical surface for the top to lean against. They are designed as access equipment for climbing to elevated positions, not as working platforms for conducting tasks whilst standing on the rungs. Industrial-grade extension ladders incorporate features including reinforced stiles, slip-resistant rungs, and mechanical locks preventing accidental section collapse. Step ladders are self-supporting A-frame ladders with hinged spreader bars that lock the ladder in the open position. Platform heights typically range from 1 metre to 4 metres, with access via rungs on one side and a bracing frame on the opposite side. Step ladders are designed for brief tasks in locations where leaning ladders cannot be positioned, such as centre-room work or areas without vertical surfaces. Critical safety requirements include ensuring spreader bars are fully locked before climbing, never using the top two steps or top platform as standing positions, maintaining body position within the ladder stiles (not leaning out sideways), and positioning the ladder on firm level surfaces. Double-sided step ladders have rungs on both sides allowing access from either direction but are less stable than single-sided designs with wide bracing on the non-access side. Platform ladders combine step ladder design with a large platform top providing a stable standing surface with surrounding guardrail or handrail. These units offer superior stability compared to conventional step ladders and provide safer working positions for tasks requiring both hands free. Platform heights typically range from 1.5 to 3 metres. The substantial platform and guardrail make platform ladders heavier and less portable than conventional step ladders, but significantly safer for work requiring extended standing at height. Some models incorporate adjustable legs allowing use on stairs or sloped surfaces. The hierarchy of control for working at height requires consideration of whether work can be performed from ground level using extension tools, followed by preference for scaffolding or elevated work platforms over ladders where work duration or complexity justifies more substantial access. Ladders should only be selected where the task is genuinely short duration (generally under 30 minutes), low risk (not requiring significant force, heavy tool use, or large materials), and where the ladder provides practical access that more substantial equipment cannot achieve. Australian WHS guidance specifies that ladders are primarily access equipment, not working platforms, and should be considered a last resort option after scaffolding, EWP, and other access methods have been assessed as not reasonably practicable for the specific task. Ladder inspection before each use is mandatory, checking for damaged or bent stiles that reduce structural strength, cracked or broken rungs that could fail under load, deteriorating non-slip feet that compromise base stability, damaged locking mechanisms on extension ladders that could allow unexpected retraction, split or damaged timber components on older timber ladders, corrosion on metal components particularly at joints and connections, and any modifications or repairs including welding, drilling, or component replacement that could have compromised structural integrity. Any ladder showing significant defects must be removed from service immediately, tagged as defective, and either professionally repaired or disposed of—temporary field repairs are not acceptable for safety-critical ladder components. Ladder setup and positioning determines whether the ladder will remain stable during use or will slip, slide, or tip causing the user to fall. Extension ladders must be positioned at 75 degree angle with adequate top and base support, extension overlap adequate for the extended height (typically minimum three rungs overlap), extension locks fully engaged, and the ladder extending 900mm above landing points. Step ladders require spreader bars fully locked, positioning on firm level ground with no shimming or improvised levelling, and adequate clearance preventing door or foot traffic contact during use. Environmental factors including wind, rain making rungs slippery, cold temperatures affecting grip, and working near overhead power lines must be assessed before ladder use commences. Securing ladders against movement prevents the most common ladder failure modes—base slipping outward and top sliding sideways. Extension ladders should be secured at the top by tying off to secure anchor points or using proprietary ladder stabilisers, and have a second person footing the base during ascending and descending if top securing is impractical. Step ladders must have spreader bars locked and should be footed by a second person if significant side forces will be generated during work. Never position ladders against unstable or moveable objects, in front of doors that could open, or where the ladder could be struck by mobile plant or materials handling equipment.

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Why this SWMS matters

Ladder falls represent a persistent cause of serious injuries and fatalities across Australian construction, with Safe Work Australia data documenting hundreds of ladder-related injuries annually requiring hospitalisation. The severity of ladder fall injuries often surprises people—falls from relatively modest ladder heights of 2 to 4 metres routinely cause fractures, head injuries, spinal trauma, and life-changing disabilities. Fatal ladder falls occur regularly, often involving workers undertaking apparently routine tasks who fall when ladders slip, tip, or when workers lose balance whilst working from rungs. The injury mechanisms in ladder falls create particularly severe outcomes. Workers typically fall backwards or sideways in awkward positions striking hard surfaces, edges, or objects during the fall that multiply impact forces. Landing positions frequently involve impact to the head, back, or limbs in orientations that maximise injury severity. Workers may attempt to grab the ladder or nearby objects during the fall, suffering upper limb fractures and dislocations. The ladder itself may fall onto the worker creating struck-by injuries in addition to fall impact trauma. Even relatively minor ladder falls can result in permanent disability when workers land awkwardly or strike obstacles. Regulatory scrutiny of ladder use has intensified across Australian jurisdictions, with WorkSafe inspectors increasingly challenging whether ladder use is appropriate for tasks where scaffolding or elevated work platforms could reasonably have been used. The Work Health and Safety Act's requirement to eliminate risks where reasonably practicable, or where elimination is not possible, to minimise risks through implementing controls following the hierarchy of control, positions ladders as a higher-risk access method that should only be used after considering alternatives. Safe Work Australia's Code of Practice: Managing the Risk of Falls at Workplaces explicitly states that ladders are primarily for providing access to another level, not for use as a workstation, and that work from ladders should be limited in height and duration. SWMS documentation for ladder work demonstrates that systematic assessment of access requirements was conducted, appropriate ladder types were selected, inspection and setup procedures were followed, and workers were competent in safe ladder use. This documentation becomes critical during incident investigations where inappropriate ladder use is identified as causal or contributing factor. Absence of procedures suggests ad-hoc unmanaged ladder use, whilst comprehensive SWMS demonstrates professional safety management including assessment of whether ladders were suitable access methods for the specific tasks. Common ladder use errors that cause incidents include using the wrong ladder type for the task such as step ladders used for access to roofs or extension ladders used as working platforms, setting extension ladders at incorrect angles with too steep angles causing overbalancing backwards and too shallow angles causing base slip, failing to extend extension ladders adequately above landing points providing inadequate handhold for dismounting, working from the top two steps of step ladders which are not designed for standing loads, overreaching rather than repositioning ladders creating sideways tipping forces, carrying tools or materials whilst climbing preventing maintenance of three points of contact, positioning ladders on unstable ground or surfaces causing base movement, and failing to secure ladders allowing top or base movement. Each of these errors is preventable through proper training and adherence to established procedures, yet they recur across worksites contributing to persistent ladder injury statistics. The temptation to use ladders inappropriately stems from their convenience and availability compared to more substantial access equipment requiring assembly time, transport, and setup effort. Workers under time pressure gravitate toward quick ladder solutions even when work requirements clearly warrant scaffolding or EWP. This creates a culture where ladder use becomes the default rather than the last resort option, normalising high-risk access methods and creating expectation that work will proceed using whatever access is immediately available regardless of suitability. Competency requirements for ladder work are often underestimated, with an assumption that anyone can use a ladder safely without specific training. However, safe ladder use requires knowledge of selection criteria, setup procedures, inspection requirements, securing techniques, and recognition of when work exceeds safe ladder use parameters. Training programs must address these elements combined with practical demonstration and competency assessment ensuring workers can correctly set up, secure, and use ladders before independent work. Organisations without effective ladder training rely on workers' variable personal practices rather than consistent safe procedures. The broader safety culture benefits when ladder use is managed systematically through documented procedures, appropriate ladder selection from well-maintained inventory, competency-based training, and supervision ensuring compliance with safe use requirements. This approach treats ladders as specialised equipment requiring management and control rather than casual everyday items requiring no particular attention. Organisations implementing rigorous ladder management see reduced incident rates, improved access method selection favouring more stable platforms where appropriate, and enhanced safety reputation demonstrating commitment to worker protection across all work activities including common routine tasks.

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Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Ladder Base Slipping on Unstable or Slippery Surfaces

High

Extension ladder base slipping outward is one of the most common and dangerous ladder failure modes, occurring when the bottom of the ladder slides away from the wall causing the ladder and user to fall backward. This hazard manifests through multiple scenarios: positioning ladders on smooth surfaces including polished concrete, tiles, or steel plates without adequate friction, placement on loose materials such as gravel, sand, or soil that shifts under load, setting up on slopes or uneven ground creating asymmetric loading, contamination of ground surface with oil, water, ice, or mud reducing friction, deteriorating or missing non-slip feet on ladder bases failing to grip surfaces, incorrect ladder angle with too-shallow angles significantly increasing outward base force, and excessive reaching or leaning creating side loads that overcome base friction. The physics of ladder stability involve considerable outward force at the base that increases dramatically as climbers ascend higher—a worker at the top of a 6-metre extension ladder creates several hundred newtons of horizontal force at the base that must be resisted by friction alone if the ladder is not secured. On marginal surfaces, this force overcomes static friction causing rapid base slip and catastrophic ladder failure. Construction sites present particularly challenging ground conditions with temporary surfaces, recent excavation, tracked-in mud and debris, and variable surface types creating unpredictable base support.

Consequence: Backward falls from height as ladder base slips outward, severe impact injuries from falling in backward orientation often striking head and back, ladder falling onto worker creating additional struck-by trauma, and falls from significant heights when slipping occurs with workers near ladder top.

Ladder Top Sliding Sideways or Pushing Away from Support

High

Extension ladder top ends sliding sideways along the wall or pushing away from vertical support surfaces creates lateral instability throwing users off the ladder or causing the ladder to fall sideways. This occurs when ladders are positioned against smooth or curved surfaces that provide inadequate resistance to lateral movement, when top ends contact loose or moveable building elements such as gutters, downpipes, or facade panels that shift under load, when workers climb past the ladder top or step sideways onto structures creating lateral loading, when wind catches the ladder or climber generating side forces, and when ladders are positioned at incorrect angles creating geometric configurations where top contact is minimal. The hazard is particularly severe when workers are transferring from ladder to structure or returning to ladder from elevated positions—these transitions involve shifting weight distributions that create lateral forces. Ladder tops positioned against rounded columns, pipes, or tree trunks have minimal contact area providing poor resistance to sideways movement. Windows and door frames appear to offer secure top support but often cannot resist lateral loads from ladder use.

Consequence: Sideways falls as ladder slides or tips laterally, severe injuries from awkward falling positions as workers are thrown sideways, impact with structures or ground on both sides of the original ladder position, and panic responses where workers attempt to jump clear suffering additional fall injuries.

Overreaching and Loss of Balance Causing Ladder Tip-Over

High

Workers reaching too far sideways from ladders to avoid repositioning create lateral forces that overcome ladder stability causing the ladder to tip sideways or backwards throwing the worker from height. This hazard is endemic to ladder work as the temptation to stretch just a bit further to complete a task without climbing down, moving the ladder, and re-ascending is powerful. Overreaching shifts the worker's centre of gravity outside the ladder's base footprint, creating tipping moment that overcomes the relatively narrow stability envelope of ladder equipment. Step ladders are particularly vulnerable to overreaching incidents as workers lean out from the central standing position attempting to reach points that should require ladder repositioning. Extension ladders experience overreaching when workers attempt to reach sideways along walls or facades. The false economy of overreaching—saving perhaps one minute by not repositioning—is catastrophically offset by fall injuries occurring when the ladder tips. Work requiring tools or materials creates additional temptation as workers avoid repeated climbing with equipment by attempting to reach further from a single ladder position. Fatigue during extended work sessions reduces judgment about safe reaching distances, with workers progressively extending further as they become habituated to marginally unsafe positions.

Consequence: Lateral or backward falls as ladder tips from overreaching forces, falls from awkward positions with limited ability to protect against impact, severe fractures and head injuries from landing on hard surfaces or structures, and struck-by injuries from ladder falling onto worker.

Working from Ladder Top Steps or Above Recommended Height

High

Standing on the top two steps of step ladders or climbing above the recommended maximum height on extension ladders eliminates handholds and creates unstable positions where any balance loss results in falls. Step ladder tops are not designed for standing loads and lack structural reinforcement for foot placement, whilst the top platform (often labeled 'not a step') is meant only for tool placement. Extension ladder safety requires stopping at least three rungs below the top to maintain handholds for balance—climbing to or past the top eliminates these critical balance aids. Workers violate these restrictions attempting to gain just a bit more height to reach work positions, often in situations where the correct response is to use a taller ladder or alternative access equipment. The violation is particularly common when workers are close to completing tasks and 'just need' a bit more reach. Standing on the top platform of step ladders or climbing past safe heights on extension ladders creates extremely precarious positions where the slightest disturbance, unexpected movement, or loss of balance results in falls with no ability to recover. The higher position also increases fall distance and injury severity.

Consequence: Falls from maximum ladder height with no handhold to arrest fall, severe impact injuries from greater falling distances, awkward falling positions with limited protective response, and catastrophic injuries including fatalities from falls occurring from unstable positions at greatest heights.

Inadequate Three-Point Contact During Climbing or Working

Medium

Failure to maintain three points of contact with the ladder (two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand) during ascending, descending, and working creates instability where balance loss cannot be prevented through handhold. This occurs when workers carry tools, materials, or equipment whilst climbing using only one hand for ladder grip, when workers use both hands for work tasks whilst standing on rungs requiring them to balance without handhold, when workers attempt to pass objects up or down ladders while maintaining position, and when ascending or descending facing outward rather than facing the ladder. The three-point contact rule ensures workers always have two secure contacts providing stable support whilst the third contact (hand or foot) is moved to the next position. Violating this creates one-point or two-point contact where any slip, misstep, or unexpected movement cannot be arrested. Carrying items whilst climbing is particularly hazardous as the carried item occupies a hand eliminating a contact point and affects balance through asymmetric loading. Workers may carry items because tool belts are unavailable, hand lines for hoisting are not provided, or through habit of trying to accomplish everything in a single trip rather than making multiple ascents.

Consequence: Falls from ladders during climbing or working when balance is lost without adequate hand contact to arrest the fall, backward falls from facing-outward descents, dropped tools and materials causing struck-by injuries to workers below, and progressive incidents where initial balance loss leads to overcorrection and ultimate fall.

Using Damaged, Deteriorated, or Inappropriate Ladder Equipment

High

Ladders that are damaged, deteriorated, or inappropriate for the task create failure risks where structural components break, connections fail, or the ladder proves unstable under normal use loads. Damage includes bent or dented stiles reducing compression strength, cracked or broken rungs that can fail when stepped on, damaged locking mechanisms on extension ladders allowing unexpected section retraction, split or deteriorated timber on older ladders compromising structural integrity, corroded metal components particularly at joints and stress points, missing or damaged non-slip feet eliminating base grip, and unauthorized modifications including welding, drilling, or component substitution that reduce design strength. Deterioration occurs through age, weather exposure, chemical attack, and repeated loading cycles causing fatigue. Inappropriate equipment includes using step ladders for tasks requiring extension ladders such as roof access, using domestic lightweight ladders for industrial construction applications, selecting ladders that are too short requiring work from top steps, and using ladders in situations where scaffolding or platforms are appropriate access. Damaged equipment often remains in circulation because defects are not obvious, inspection regimes are inadequate, and replacement ladders are not readily available creating pressure to use defective equipment. Some workers view ladders as essentially indestructible, failing to recognise that damage and deterioration create serious failure risks.

Consequence: Sudden structural failure causing ladder collapse and falls from height, catastrophic failures without warning signs when damaged components reach their reduced capacity, increased failure likelihood during normal use as damage progressively weakens structures, and multiple workers potentially affected if damaged ladders circulate through site use.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Task Assessment and Appropriate Access Method Selection

Elimination

Systematic assessment of whether ladders are appropriate access methods for specific tasks prevents ladder use in situations where scaffolding, elevated work platforms, or other access equipment would be more suitable. This elimination-level control questions whether work at height is necessary through consideration of extension tools allowing ground-level work, assembling components at ground level before lifting, and designing work sequences avoiding height access. Where height work is unavoidable, assessment criteria determine if ladders are suitable including task duration with ladder use limited to brief tasks under 30 minutes, work complexity favouring stable platforms over ladders for tasks requiring two hands, sustained force, or awkward positions, load requirements with heavy or bulky materials indicating scaffolding or mechanical access, fall consequences where serious injury risk warrants better protection than ladders provide, and frequency where repetitive tasks justify platform access. This systematic approach treats ladders as last resort access after considering alternatives, preventing default ladder use for work genuinely warranting more substantial protection.

Implementation

1. Develop decision matrix for height access selection documenting when ladders are appropriate versus when scaffolding, EWP, or platforms should be used based on duration, complexity, and risk. 2. Require pre-work planning including documented task assessment before height work commencement, identifying access method through systematic criteria application. 3. Train supervisors and leading hands in hierarchy of control application to height access, ensuring they understand ladder limitations and when alternatives are required. 4. Establish work approval requirements where supervisors review and approve access method selection, questioning ladder use for extended or complex tasks. 5. Provide adequate scaffolding and platform equipment inventory reducing pressure to use ladders as default access due to lack of alternatives. 6. Conduct post-work reviews assessing whether selected access methods proved adequate, identifying situations where platform access would have improved safety or efficiency. 7. Implement toolbox meetings before ladder work highlighting specific task requirements and confirming ladder use is appropriate rather than convenient default choice.

Comprehensive Ladder Inspection and Defect Management

Engineering

Rigorous pre-use inspection and defect management ensures ladders are structurally sound and fit for purpose before use. This engineering control requires visual and tactile inspection of stiles checking for bends, dents, cracks, or corrosion, examination of all rungs verifying they are secure, undamaged, and properly attached, testing of locking mechanisms on extension ladders ensuring they engage and hold correctly, inspection of non-slip feet verifying they are present, undamaged, and provide adequate grip, checking spreader bars on step ladders for damage and correct locking function, identification of any modifications, repairs, or alterations that may compromise structural integrity, and overall assessment of ladder condition relative to age and wear. Any ladder displaying significant defects must be immediately removed from service, tagged as defective, and either professionally repaired or disposed of. Temporary repairs using wire, tape, or improvised fixes are prohibited. Documentation creates accountability and maintains inspection records tracking ladder condition over time.

Implementation

1. Develop ladder inspection checklist covering all safety-critical components with clear defect criteria requiring equipment removal from service. 2. Train all workers using ladders on inspection procedures and defect recognition, ensuring they understand which defects require immediate quarantine. 3. Require documented inspection before each work shift where ladders will be used, with inspection records retained in site safety files. 4. Implement ladder marking systems using tags or labels showing inspection date and inspector identification, allowing at-a-glance verification of current inspection status. 5. Provide defect tags and quarantine procedures requiring damaged ladders to be clearly marked and physically separated from serviceable equipment. 6. Establish ladder replacement procedures ensuring defective ladders are promptly replaced with serviceable equipment preventing pressure to use damaged units. 7. Conduct monthly detailed ladder inspections by competent persons supplementing daily pre-use checks, with documented results and trending of equipment condition over time.

Correct Ladder Setup Including Angle, Securing, and Stability Verification

Engineering

Proper ladder setup procedures ensure stability and prevent the most common failure modes of base slip and top slide. For extension ladders, this includes positioning at correct 75 degree angle using the 4:1 ratio (one unit out for every four units up), selecting firm level ground for base placement, ensuring adequate top support against stable vertical surfaces, extending the ladder at least 900mm (three rungs) above landing points, verifying extension locks are fully engaged with adequate overlap between sections, and securing the top by tying off or using ladder stabilisers. For step ladders, requirements include fully locking spreader bars before any climbing, positioning on firm level surfaces without shimming or improvised levelling, ensuring adequate clearance from doors and traffic, and verifying stability by testing for rocking before climbing. Environmental assessment includes identifying overhead power lines, assessing weather conditions including wind and rain affecting stability and grip, and evaluating ground conditions including slope, surface type, and contamination. This systematic setup approach prevents ad-hoc ladder positioning based on convenience rather than stability requirements.

Implementation

1. Provide setup training covering angle setting using the 4:1 ratio, demonstrating practical angle verification methods workers can use in field. 2. Develop setup checklists specific to extension and step ladder types, documenting critical setup requirements for verification before use. 3. Supply ladder securing equipment including rope, straps, and proprietary stabilisers or stand-off brackets, ensuring securing materials are available when needed. 4. Require two-person ladder setup for extension ladders exceeding 6 metres, providing assistance with positioning, securing, and initial stability verification. 5. Implement supervisor verification for critical ladder setups accessing roofs or elevated structures, confirming securing and stability before climbing commences. 6. Provide ground surface improvement materials including timber mats, non-slip matting, or base plates for use on marginal ground conditions improving base stability. 7. Conduct competency assessment where workers demonstrate correct ladder setup including angle verification, securing techniques, and stability testing before authorising unsupervised ladder use.

Mandatory Three-Point Contact and Safe Work Positioning

Administrative

Maintaining three-point contact during ascending, descending, and working from ladders provides stable support preventing falls from balance loss. This administrative control establishes strict requirements for two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand in contact with ladder at all times during climbing and positioning. Tools and materials must be hoisted using hand lines or carried in tool belts, never hand-carried during climbing. Work positioning rules prohibit overreaching beyond arm's length requiring ladder repositioning for distant work, restrict work from ladder tops requiring workers to remain at least three rungs below the top on extension ladders and off the top two steps on step ladders, and require facing the ladder during ascending and descending never climbing whilst facing outward. Body positioning must maintain the worker's centre of gravity between the ladder stiles—belt buckle between the stiles is a practical guide. These rules must be actively enforced through supervision and immediate intervention when violations are observed, as violations quickly become normalised without consistent enforcement.

Implementation

1. Establish clear ladder use rules documented in site safety procedures and communicated during site induction and toolbox meetings. 2. Provide tool belts and lanyards for all workers using ladders, enabling hands-free climbing whilst carrying necessary tools and small materials. 3. Supply hand lines (rope with hooks or bags) for hoisting larger tools and materials after reaching working height, eliminating need to carry during climbing. 4. Train workers on three-point contact importance and techniques, demonstrating proper ascending, descending, and working positions. 5. Implement supervision and behavioural observation programs specifically monitoring ladder use, with immediate correction when unsafe practices are observed. 6. Post ladder safety posters at storage areas and common use locations reinforcing three-point contact and setup requirements. 7. Investigate near-misses and observed unsafe ladder practices, implementing corrective actions including additional training or procedural improvements where patterns of non-compliance are identified.

Fall Protection for Extended or High-Risk Ladder Work

Engineering

Where ladder work extends beyond brief duration or involves significant fall consequences, supplementary fall protection systems provide additional protection beyond the ladder itself. This includes requiring full-body harnesses with shock-absorbing lanyards connected to suitable anchor points for work from ladders at heights exceeding 4 metres or for extended duration work, implementing work restraint systems using short lanyards preventing workers from reaching positions where falls could occur, providing ladder cages or safety rails on fixed ladders in permanent installations, and installing catch platforms or safety nets below ladder work areas where fall arrest is impractical. Fall protection selection must account for suspension trauma risks and rescue procedures where fall arrest systems are used. Work planning should identify what fall protection will be implemented before ladder work commences rather than making ad-hoc decisions after discovering inadequate protection during work.

Implementation

1. Establish policy requiring fall protection assessment for all ladder work, with harness requirements for work exceeding specified height or duration thresholds. 2. Provide harness equipment including full-body harnesses, shock-absorbing lanyards, and anchor equipment for ladder work requiring supplementary fall protection. 3. Train workers in harness use including fitting, lanyard connection, anchor point selection, and limitations of fall arrest systems on ladders. 4. Develop rescue procedures addressing how suspended workers will be retrieved if fall arrest systems activate, with rescue equipment and trained personnel available. 5. Implement pre-work approval requirements for extended ladder work, with supervisors confirming fall protection adequacy before work proceeds. 6. Consider alternative access methods for work where fall protection is required, as need for harnesses often indicates scaffolding or platforms would be more appropriate access. 7. Conduct regular review of ladder work practices identifying situations where fall protection was required but not implemented, addressing gaps through procedural improvements.

Competency-Based Training and Operator Authorisation

Administrative

Ensuring workers possess knowledge and practical skills for safe ladder use prevents incidents caused by inadequate understanding of selection, setup, and use requirements. Training must cover ladder types and appropriate applications, inspection and defect recognition, setup procedures including angle setting and securing, three-point contact and safe climbing techniques, recognition of when ladders are not appropriate access requiring alternatives, and emergency procedures for ladder incidents. Practical demonstration and competency assessment verify workers can correctly set up, secure, and use ladders before authorising independent work. Refresher training addresses skill degradation and reinforces critical safety messages. Documentation provides evidence of training and authorisation supporting compliance verification.

Implementation

1. Develop comprehensive ladder training program covering selection, inspection, setup, securing, and safe use appropriate to equipment types used in the organisation. 2. Provide practical hands-on training where workers demonstrate ladder setup, angle verification, securing techniques, and safe climbing under supervision. 3. Conduct competency assessment including both theoretical knowledge testing and practical demonstration before authorising independent ladder use. 4. Issue ladder operator authorisation cards or certificates documenting successful training completion, requiring renewal through refresher training at specified intervals. 5. Implement site induction procedures addressing site-specific ladder hazards including overhead power lines, ground conditions, and weather limitations. 6. Maintain training records documenting operator qualifications, training dates, competency assessment results, and refresher training completion. 7. Provide mentoring programs pairing inexperienced workers with experienced ladder users for supervised practice period before independent work authorisation.

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Personal protective equipment

Hard Hat with Chin Strap

Requirement: Type 1 helmet compliant with AS/NZS 1801 with secure chin strap

When: Required during all ladder work to protect against head injuries from overhead hazards and falls. Chin strap prevents dislodgement during climbing and working in elevated positions where hat loss could create distraction or balance disruption.

Safety Boots with Ankle Support

Requirement: Steel toe cap boots certified to AS/NZS 2210.3 with ankle support and slip-resistant soles

When: Mandatory during all ladder use for foot protection and secure footing on ladder rungs. Ankle support provides stability during climbing. Slip-resistant soles improve grip on rungs particularly when wet or contaminated with mud or debris.

Work Gloves with Grip

Requirement: General purpose work gloves providing hand protection while maintaining grip and dexterity

When: Required during ladder setup and climbing to protect hands from sharp edges and splinters while maintaining adequate grip on stiles and rungs. Must not be so bulky as to prevent secure handhold or operation of locking mechanisms.

High-Visibility Clothing

Requirement: Class D Day/Night vest or coveralls compliant with AS/NZS 4602.1

When: Required when using ladders in areas with mobile plant operations, multiple trades, or vehicle traffic to ensure visibility to other site personnel. Particularly important when positioned near traffic routes or in congested work areas.

Full-Body Safety Harness

Requirement: Class D fall arrest harness compliant with AS/NZS 1891.1 for extended or high-risk ladder work

When: Required when ladder work exceeds 4 metres height, extends beyond 30 minutes duration, or involves high-consequence fall risks. Must be worn with shock-absorbing lanyard connected to suitable anchor point independent of the ladder structure.

Safety Glasses

Requirement: Impact-rated to AS/NZS 1337.1 for eye protection

When: Required during ladder work involving dust, particles, or overhead hazards particularly during drilling, grinding, or painting operations. Protects against debris falling into eyes when looking upward during climbing or work.

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

  • ✓Inspect ladder stiles for bends, dents, cracks, or corrosion that could reduce structural strength and load capacity
  • ✓Check all rungs for cracks, secure attachment to stiles, and verify no rungs are missing, loose, or damaged
  • ✓Verify extension ladder locking mechanisms engage correctly, hold under load, and are not bent or damaged
  • ✓Examine non-slip feet on ladder base ensuring they are present, undamaged, and provide adequate surface grip
  • ✓Test step ladder spreader bars open fully and locking mechanism holds bars in correct position without slipping
  • ✓Assess ground surface where ladder will be positioned for firmness, levelness, and absence of slippery contamination
  • ✓Identify overhead power lines in the work area and verify ladder positioning will maintain safe clearance distances
  • ✓Verify ladder height is adequate for the task allowing work position at least three rungs from top without overreaching
  • ✓Check weather conditions including wind speed and rain that could affect ladder stability or climbing safety
  • ✓Ensure ladder is appropriate industrial-grade type for construction use, not domestic lightweight ladder

During work

  • ✓Maintain three-point contact at all times during ascending, descending, and working from ladder positions
  • ✓Monitor body position keeping centre of gravity between ladder stiles, avoiding overreaching or lateral leaning
  • ✓Verify ladder remains stable with no movement, slipping, or settling observed at base or top during use
  • ✓Ensure spreader bars on step ladders remain fully locked throughout work, checking periodically for any loosening
  • ✓Observe for any unexpected flexing, sounds, or movement indicating structural problems developing during use
  • ✓Watch for changing weather conditions including increasing wind or rain that may require work cessation
  • ✓Verify no other workers or mobile plant are approaching ladder position creating collision or distraction hazards

After work

  • ✓Inspect ladder after use for any damage that occurred during work including impacts, deformation, or rung damage
  • ✓Clean ladder removing mud, debris, or contamination accumulated during use that could affect next setup or create slip hazards
  • ✓Check locking mechanisms and connection points for any loosening or damage from the work session
  • ✓Document any defects or concerns discovered during use in ladder maintenance logs and tag damaged equipment out of service
  • ✓Return ladder to designated storage area protecting it from weather and preventing damage from materials or plant
  • ✓Store extension ladders horizontally on brackets or hangers preventing bending or warping of stiles from unsupported storage

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready
1

Assess Task Requirements and Determine if Ladder is Appropriate Access

Before selecting a ladder for any height work, systematically assess the task requirements and determine whether ladder access is appropriate or whether scaffolding, elevated work platforms, or other access methods would be more suitable. Consider task duration—ladder work should be limited to brief tasks under 30 minutes as longer work indicates need for stable platform. Evaluate work complexity including whether sustained forces, awkward positions, or use of both hands without handhold will be required, all favouring platform access over ladders. Assess load requirements with heavy tools or materials indicating scaffolding provides better access. Consider frequency where repetitive access to the same location justifies platform installation. Determine working height and verify it is achievable from ladder positions at least three rungs below the top. Evaluate fall consequences where serious injury potential may warrant better protection than ladders provide. Apply the hierarchy of control questioning whether work could be performed from ground level using extension tools. Document the access method selection decision including why a ladder is appropriate or why alternative access is required. This upstream assessment prevents ladder use for tasks genuinely requiring more substantial protection.

Safety considerations

Ladder selection as default access method without systematic assessment leads to ladder use in situations where scaffolding or platforms would be safer and more appropriate. Task duration extending past 30 minutes indicates need for platform access. Work requiring both hands without handhold is not safe ladder work. When assessment identifies that platforms would be more appropriate, obtain proper equipment rather than proceeding with inadequate ladder access.

2

Select Appropriate Ladder Type and Conduct Pre-Use Inspection

Choose ladder type suited to the specific access requirement—extension ladders for access to elevated positions where top support is available, step ladders for locations without vertical support surfaces, platform ladders where stable working surface is needed. Verify ladder is industrial-grade construction equipment, not domestic lightweight ladder inappropriate for construction loads. Ensure ladder height provides adequate reach allowing work at least three rungs from top on extension ladders without requiring top step use on step ladders. Conduct thorough pre-use inspection examining stiles for straightness, strength, and absence of damage. Check every rung for cracks, secure attachment, and load-bearing integrity. Test extension ladder locks by extending and retracting sections verifying locks engage positively. Inspect base feet for presence, condition, and adequate grip surface. For step ladders, test spreader bar operation and locking mechanism. Look for any signs of previous damage, unauthorised repairs, or modifications that could compromise structural integrity. Check for manufacturer labels and load rating placards. If any significant defects are found, tag ladder as defective, remove it from service, and select alternative serviceable ladder. Document inspection completion.

Safety considerations

Using damaged ladders creates serious structural failure risks where components collapse under normal use loads. Defects including bent stiles, cracked rungs, or damaged locking mechanisms must result in immediate quarantine—never attempt to use defective ladders carefully or for light duty. Domestic ladders lack structural strength for construction applications and must not be used. Ladder height must be adequate to reach work positions without requiring work from top positions or overreaching.

3

Position Ladder with Correct Setup and Securing

For extension ladders, select base position allowing correct angle when top is positioned against support surface. Set ladder angle at 75 degrees using the 4:1 ratio—measure vertical height to be climbed, divide by 4, and position base that distance from the wall. Alternatively use body test standing at ladder base with arms extended horizontal—fingertips should just touch ladder if angle is correct. Ensure base is on firm level ground, not on loose material, slope, or contaminated surface. If ground is marginal, use timber mat, non-slip pad, or baseplate to improve stability. Position ladder top against stable vertical surface, never against window frames, gutters, or moveable elements. Extend ladder at least 900mm (three rungs) above the landing point. Verify extension locks are fully engaged with adequate overlap between sections—typically minimum three rungs overlap. Secure ladder top by tying off to secure anchor points, using proprietary ladder stabiliser or stand-off bracket, or have second person foot the base during ascending and descending. For step ladders, position on firm level surface with spreader bars fully opened and locked. Verify ladder does not rock—never use shims or improvised levelling. Ensure adequate clearance from doors, traffic, or mobile plant. Test stability before climbing by applying gentle horizontal force at platform level.

Safety considerations

Incorrect ladder angle is a primary cause of base slip incidents. Too steep creates backward overbalancing risk; too shallow dramatically increases base slip force. Ladder must extend adequately above landing to provide handhold—extending exactly to landing level provides no support during transfer. Never secure ladder top to unstable surfaces including gutters that will pull away under load. Base must be on stable surface—loose materials will shift causing base movement. Spreader bars must lock completely—partial opening creates collapse risk on step ladders.

4

Ascend Ladder Using Three-Point Contact

Before climbing, ensure hands are free of carried items—use tool belt for small tools or hoist larger items after reaching working height. Verify non-slip feet on ladder base are in contact with ground and ladder is stable. Begin climbing facing the ladder, placing both hands on rungs or stiles not tools or materials. Climb using deliberate controlled movements maintaining three-point contact—two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand in contact at all times. Look where hands and feet are placed, focusing on the ladder not the destination. Maintain body position centered between ladder stiles with centre of gravity over feet. Climb steadily without rushing, placing full foot on each rung rather than just toes. On extension ladders, stop at least three rungs below the top even if more height is needed—reposition ladder or use taller ladder rather than climbing to the top. On step ladders, do not stand on top platform or top two steps regardless of how close they bring you to the work. Keep arms within the ladder stiles during climbing—extending arms sideways reduces stability. If carrying items in tool belt affects balance, stop and hoist them separately. Maintain handhold until reaching the landing or working position.

Safety considerations

Carrying items while climbing prevents three-point contact and creates imbalance from asymmetric loading. Falls during climbing often result from loss of handhold or foothold when only two points of contact are maintained. Rushing or skipping rungs increases misstep risks. Climbing past safe heights to avoid repositioning ladder eliminates handhold for balance at the most precarious positions. Never face outward during climbing—always face the ladder maintaining handholds on stiles or rungs.

5

Work from Ladder Maintaining Safe Position and Balance

Once at working height, establish stable position with both feet on same rung or adjacent rungs providing solid footing. Maintain contact with ladder using one or both hands for balance—work should be planned to allow handhold at least periodically. Position body centered between ladder stiles keeping belt buckle between the stiles as practical guide. Avoid overreaching requiring body lean beyond stile positions—if work is beyond comfortable arm's reach, descend and reposition ladder closer rather than stretching. Limit lateral reaching keeping both hands and work within the ladder's width. Avoid sudden movements or application of heavy force that could disturb ladder stability—save forceful operations for platform work positions. Do not twist body or turn to face sideways—reposition ladder if work requires different facing. Keep tools and materials secured—dropped items create hazards to workers below and distraction causing balance loss. For work requiring sustained two-hand effort, ensure positioning allows secure foot placement and body bracing against ladder for stability. Periodically verify ladder remains stable with no movement at base or top. If any unusual movement, sounds, or instability is felt, stop work immediately and descend to investigate before resuming.

Safety considerations

Overreaching is the most common cause of ladder tip-over incidents—resist temptation to stretch just a bit further to avoid repositioning. Work requiring sustained two-hand effort without handhold suggests task exceeds safe ladder work parameters and platform access should be used. Applying significant downward or lateral force can overcome ladder stability even when setup was initially correct. Any perception of instability or unusual movement must be investigated immediately as progressive failures often provide subtle warnings before catastrophic collapse occurs.

6

Descend Ladder Safely Maintaining Three-Point Contact

When work is complete, prepare for descent by securing or lowering tools and materials rather than carrying them during descent. If items cannot be secured in tool belt, use hand line to lower them to ground before descending. Face the ladder maintaining contact with rungs or stiles with both hands. Begin descent slowly and deliberately, maintaining three-point contact throughout. Look at the ladder and foot placement rather than looking down at the ground. Place full foot on each rung during descent for secure footing. Descend at controlled pace without rushing—many ladder falls occur during descent when workers relax focus believing the hard part is complete. Maintain handhold until both feet are securely on the ground. If fatigue is felt during descent, pause and rest while maintaining secure three-point contact rather than pushing through fatigue. Be particularly careful during the last few rungs where ground proximity may create false sense that jumping or stepping off early is safe—maintain three-point contact all the way to ground level. After descending, step away from ladder base before releasing handhold completely.

Safety considerations

Descending is inherently more hazardous than ascending as body weight is moving downward with gravity and visual focus is awkward. Carrying items during descent prevents handhold creating conditions for falls. Many serious ladder falls occur during descent when workers relax concentration believing danger has passed. Jumping off the last few rungs or stepping off early eliminates handhold at a moment when balance may be transitional. Maintain full protocol through complete descent to ground level.

7

Post-Use Inspection, Cleaning, and Proper Storage

After ladder use is complete, conduct post-work inspection looking for any damage that may have occurred during the work session including impacts, deformation, or stress damage. Check rungs for any loosening that may have developed. Verify locking mechanisms on extension ladders still function correctly. Clean ladder removing mud, construction debris, oil, or other contamination using water and mild detergent if necessary. Ensure ladder is dry before storage to prevent corrosion or deterioration. If damage or defects are identified during post-use inspection, tag ladder as defective and report to supervisor for repair or disposal. Transport ladder with care preventing impacts or dropping. Return ladder to designated storage area with protection from weather, theft, and damage from materials handling or mobile plant. Store extension ladders horizontally on wall brackets or storage racks preventing sagging or warping from unsupported storage. Never store ladders leaning against walls or laid on the ground where they can be struck, driven over, or deteriorate from weather exposure. Maintain storage area organisation ensuring ladders are easily accessible and inspectable. Document any damage or defects found in equipment maintenance records.

Safety considerations

Damage often occurs during use from impacts, overloading, or stress but may not be immediately apparent. Post-use inspection catches damage before next use when it could cause failures. Contamination left on ladders creates slip hazards during next use and accelerates deterioration through corrosion or chemical attack. Improper storage creates damage from impacts, allows weather deterioration, and makes inspection difficult. Organised storage in designated areas protected from damage ensures ladders remain in serviceable condition throughout their working life.

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Frequently asked questions

What is the correct angle for setting up an extension ladder and how do I verify it?

The correct angle for extension ladder setup is 75 degrees from horizontal, achieved using the 4:1 ratio positioning rule—the base should be positioned one unit away from the wall for every four units of vertical height. To apply this ratio practically, first measure or estimate the vertical height to where the ladder top will contact the support surface. Divide this height by four to determine how far the base should be positioned from the wall. For example, if the ladder will extend 4 metres vertically, the base should be 1 metre (4 ÷ 4) from the wall. If accessing a roof at 6 metres height, position the base 1.5 metres out. Metric measurements make calculation simple as 4 metres vertical requires 1 metre horizontal base distance. A practical field verification method that does not require measurement is the standing body test—stand at the ladder base with feet touching the bottom rung, extend arms horizontally in front of your body, and your fingertips should just touch the ladder stile if the angle is correct. This test provides quick approximate verification though measurement using the 4:1 ratio is more accurate. Angles that are too steep (less than 75 degrees, more vertical) create risk of the ladder falling backward pulling away from the top support. Angles that are too shallow (more than 75 degrees, more horizontal) dramatically increase the outward force at the base making base slip significantly more likely, and also increase stress on the ladder structure. The 75-degree angle represents the optimal balance between stability against backward tip-over and resistance to base slip. Always verify angle before climbing, particularly when repositioning ladders multiple times during work where rushed setup may result in incorrect angles. Remember that the 4:1 ratio applies to the vertical distance to the ladder top contact point, not necessarily to the working height, so account for the 900mm extension above landing when calculating.

When is it acceptable to use a ladder instead of scaffolding or an elevated work platform?

Ladders should only be used for working at height when the task genuinely meets specific criteria that make ladder use appropriate rather than just convenient. According to Safe Work Australia guidance and the hierarchy of control, ladders are considered a higher-risk access method and should be the last resort after considering whether work can be eliminated entirely through design changes or alternative methods, and whether scaffolding, elevated work platforms, or other access equipment would be more suitable. Ladders are generally appropriate when all of the following conditions are met: the task is genuinely short duration, typically less than 30 minutes total work time as longer work indicates need for stable platform; the work is low-risk meaning it does not require significant physical force, awkward body positions, or handling of heavy materials; the work can be performed safely while maintaining three-point contact with the ladder or with only brief periods requiring two-hand work; the ladder can be positioned to provide access without requiring overreaching or excessive reaching; the work is infrequent rather than repetitive access to the same location which would justify platform installation; and the work primarily involves inspection, brief adjustment, or light maintenance rather than construction or installation activities. Examples of appropriate ladder use include brief visual inspections at height, changing light globes or filters, accessing roof spaces for short inspections, retrieving or placing items from storage racks, and temporary access while more substantial access equipment is being positioned. Inappropriate ladder use that should trigger scaffolding or platform access includes any work requiring both hands for extended periods without handhold, work requiring significant downward or lateral force such as drilling or cutting, handling awkward or heavy materials or tools, work of more than 30 minutes duration at the same location, repetitive access requiring frequent ascending and descending, and any work where fall consequences would be severe. When assessing whether ladder use is appropriate, ask whether you would be comfortable explaining your decision to a WorkSafe inspector following an incident—if the answer is uncertain, that uncertainty suggests scaffolding or platforms should be used. Increasingly, workplace safety regulators challenge ladder use during inspections, requiring businesses to demonstrate why more substantial access was not reasonably practicable. Document your access method selection decision including why a ladder was determined appropriate or why alternatives were selected, creating evidence of systematic consideration rather than default convenience-based choices.

How should I secure a ladder to prevent it from slipping or falling?

Securing ladders against movement prevents the two most common ladder failure modes—base slip and top slide—and should be standard practice for all extension ladder use. For top securing, the most effective method is tying the ladder stiles to a secure fixed anchor point using rope, strap, or wire at a point as high as practical and as close to the ladder top as can be reached. Anchor points must be structurally sound and capable of resisting lateral forces—suitable anchors include structural building elements, secure pipework or building services, permanent fixtures, or purpose-installed anchor points. Never secure to gutters, downpipes, window frames, or other elements that could pull away or deform under load. Tie-off should create resistance to both sideways sliding and pulling away from the wall. Alternative top securing methods include proprietary ladder stabilisers or stand-off brackets that increase the width of the top support footprint improving resistance to sideways movement and positioning the ladder away from gutters or walls allowing work at facades. For base securing, if top tie-off is not practical, a second person should foot the ladder base during ascending, descending, and when significant force will be applied during work. Footing involves standing with one foot on the bottom rung facing the ladder and holding both stiles, preventing base slip through body weight and active resistance to movement. If neither top securing nor base footing is practicable, additional measures must include ensuring ground surface provides maximum friction through use of non-slip mats, timber battens, or base plates; verifying ladder non-slip feet are in good condition and fully contacting ground; setting ladder angle precisely at the 4:1 ratio to minimise base slip force; and limiting work that generates lateral or downward forces that could overcome base friction. In all cases, verify securing effectiveness before climbing by testing ladder stability with horizontal force at mid-height observing whether any base or top movement occurs. For extended work or work in exposed locations subject to wind, both top and base securing should be implemented. Remember that securing is not optional extra protection but fundamental requirement for safe ladder use—WorkSafe inspectors increasingly expect to see ladders secured rather than relying solely on friction. Never use makeshift securing methods including wiring ladder to unstable elements or using inadequate rope or string that could fail under load—use proper securing equipment with adequate strength. If adequate securing cannot be achieved, ladder use may not be appropriate and alternative access should be considered.

What should I do if the ladder starts to slip or feel unstable while I'm on it?

If you feel or observe ladder movement, instability, or slipping while on the ladder, immediate protective actions can prevent a fall or minimise injury if a fall occurs. First, if movement is felt at the very beginning of instability before significant slip has occurred, immediately cease all work activity and movement, firmly grip the ladder with both hands obtaining the strongest possible handhold on rungs or stiles, plant both feet securely on the same rung or adjacent rungs creating stable foot contact, and freeze in position avoiding any further movement that could accelerate the instability. Call for assistance from ground personnel who may be able to foot the base or secure the ladder. If the instability stabilises with no further movement, carefully descend maintaining maximum contact with the ladder, moving slowly and deliberately to avoid creating forces that could reinitiate movement. However, if the ladder is actively moving or slipping and cannot be stabilised, different emergency actions are required. If the ladder is sliding or tipping and a fall is imminent or occurring, maintain the strongest possible grip on the ladder attempting to ride it down rather than separating from it—remaining with the ladder often provides more control than jumping or pushing away. Keep body close to the ladder and attempt to land on your feet if possible, though recognise that landing position may not be controllable during dynamic falling. Try to avoid landing on your back or head by using arms to protect head and attempt to roll upon impact rather than landing rigid. If the ladder is falling sideways or backward and jumping clear appears possible with less injury than riding it down, push away from the ladder during the jump to gain separation distance, attempt to land feet first or in rolling position, and protect your head with arms during impact. Never attempt to catch yourself with outstretched arms as this commonly results in upper limb fractures. After any ladder slip or fall, immediately seek medical assessment even if no significant injury is apparent—internal injuries, head trauma, and spinal injuries may not manifest symptoms immediately. Report the incident to your supervisor triggering incident investigation to identify why the ladder became unstable and prevent recurrence. The ladder should be secured and the area barricaded pending investigation. Do not use the ladder again until the cause of instability has been identified and corrected—this may involve different securing methods, ground preparation, ladder repositioning, or determination that scaffold or platform access is required instead. Prevention through proper setup, securing, and continuous awareness is far preferable to emergency response—maintain vigilance about ladder stability throughout all ladder work watching for any signs of movement or developing instability that allows earlier intervention before critical failures occur.

Can I use a ladder to access a roof and work on the roof edge?

Using ladders for roof access requires careful consideration of both the access phase climbing to roof level and the work phase once on the roof, as each presents distinct fall hazards requiring specific controls. For the access phase, extension ladders can be used to reach roof level provided they are correctly set up and secured. The ladder must extend at least 900mm (three rungs) above the roof eave or edge to provide secure handhold for the critical transition stepping from ladder onto roof and returning from roof to ladder. This transition represents the most hazardous phase of roof access as body weight shifts between ladder and roof, creating forces that can cause ladder movement if inadequate securing exists. Top securing by tying off the ladder or using stabiliser brackets is essential for roof access work. The ladder should be positioned to provide access at a safe roof location away from fragile materials, edges, or other immediate fall hazards. For working on or near roof edges after accessing the roof via ladder, the ladder provides no fall protection and comprehensive edge protection systems must be implemented independently. Roof edge fall hazards must be controlled through installation of perimeter guardrails meeting Australian Standards with top rail, mid rail, and toe boards around all roof edges within the work area; travel restraint harness systems preventing workers from approaching within two metres of unprotected edges; or fall arrest harness systems connected to suitable roof anchor points if work must occur right at edges. Never assume the ladder used for access provides any protection once you are on the roof—separate fall protection is mandatory. The critical assessment is whether ladder access is appropriate for the roof work being planned. Brief roof inspections or emergency repairs lasting under 30 minutes may justify ladder access if adequate roof edge protection exists or can be quickly installed. Extended roof work, installation activities, or work requiring tools and materials should use scaffolding providing both access and working platform with integrated edge protection rather than ladder access requiring separate roof fall protection. Some roof work situations including fragile roof materials, complex roof configurations with multiple elevation changes, and weather conditions such as wet, icy, or windy conditions may make roof access inappropriate regardless of access method, requiring alternative approaches including work from underneath, mechanical access, or deferral until conditions improve. Always conduct roof access risk assessment considering access method, roof edge protection, roof surface slip hazards, roof material fragility, weather conditions, and emergency egress routes before committing to roof work. Document the risk assessment and control measures selected, demonstrating systematic consideration rather than ad-hoc decision making.

How often should ladders be inspected and what should I look for during inspection?

Ladder inspection must occur at multiple levels to ensure equipment remains safe throughout its working life. Pre-use inspection is mandatory before each work shift or each time a ladder is used, conducted by the worker who will use the ladder. This inspection should cover structural components including stiles checking for straightness, bends, dents, cracks, or corrosion particularly at joints and stress points; rungs verifying all rungs are present, securely attached to stiles, free from cracks or damage, and not loose or excessively worn; locking mechanisms on extension ladders testing that locks engage correctly, hold securely under load, are not bent or damaged, and fully support the ladder sections when extended; non-slip feet at ladder base confirming they are present on both stiles, undamaged and providing adequate grip surface, not worn smooth or deteriorated, and securely attached; spreader bars on step ladders verifying they open fully, locking mechanism engages correctly and holds the ladder rigid, and there is no damage to hinges or locking components; and identification plates or markings checking that manufacturer labels, load ratings, and safety warnings are legible. Additionally, look for any unauthorised modifications or repairs including welding, drilling, or replacement of components with non-original parts. Inspect for contamination such as oil, grease, mud, or other materials that could create slip hazards. Check for proper operation of all moving parts and locking mechanisms. Any ladder failing any inspection item should be tagged out of service immediately and either professionally repaired or disposed of—temporary field repairs are not acceptable. Beyond daily pre-use inspection, detailed periodic inspections should be conducted monthly or quarterly depending on usage intensity by competent persons with specialist knowledge of ladder equipment. These detailed inspections should verify aspects including structural integrity with precise measurements checking for deformation, material degradation from UV exposure, chemical attack, or corrosion, particularly in harsh environments; load testing or engineering assessment for equipment showing signs of stress, previous overloading, or approaching end of service life; and documentation of equipment history tracking previous repairs, accident damage, and cumulative wear. Annual professional inspection or assessment by equipment specialists or engineers should be considered for critical equipment or equipment showing deterioration. Inspection records should be maintained documenting inspection dates, inspector identification, findings, repairs completed, and disposal decisions for equipment reaching end of service life. Equipment showing significant defects including bent or cracked stiles, multiple broken or damaged rungs, failed or unreliable locking mechanisms, extensive corrosion affecting structural integrity, unauthorised modifications compromising design strength, or damage from previous overloading should be permanently removed from service rather than repeatedly repaired. For organisations operating ladder fleets, implementation of inventory management systems tracking individual ladder identification, inspection history, repair records, and replacement scheduling ensures systematic oversight preventing defective equipment from circulating through continued use. Remember that ladders are structural equipment subject to fatigue, wear, and deterioration—they do not remain serviceable indefinitely and must be inspected rigorously and replaced when condition deteriorates beyond safe repair.

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