Light Vehicle on Construction Safe Work Method Statement

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Operating light vehicles on construction sites presents unique hazards that differ significantly from normal road driving. Construction environments involve complex interactions between vehicles, pedestrians, heavy plant equipment, and changing site conditions. This Safe Work Method Statement provides comprehensive guidance for safely operating light vehicles including cars, vans, utes, and small trucks on construction sites across Australia.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Light vehicle operation on construction sites involves significantly higher risks than normal road driving due to the dynamic nature of construction environments. Light vehicles include cars, vans, utilities (utes), and small trucks with gross vehicle mass under 4.5 tonnes that are used for site access, deliveries, supervision, and general transportation purposes on construction sites. Construction sites present unique hazards including unmarked roads, changing surface conditions, reversing heavy machinery, pedestrians without dedicated pathways, temporary traffic arrangements, limited visibility areas, and complex interactions between multiple vehicle types. The confined nature of many construction sites means vehicles operate in close proximity to workers, excavations, stored materials, and operating equipment. Typical light vehicle operations on construction sites include site inspections by supervisors and engineers, delivery of materials and equipment, transportation of workers, movement between work areas, collection and disposal of waste, and access for emergency services. These activities occur throughout the construction project lifecycle from initial site establishment through to project completion. The dynamic nature of construction work means traffic routes, hazard locations, and site conditions change frequently. What was safe yesterday may present new hazards today due to excavation work, material deliveries, equipment relocation, or changes in work activities. Light vehicle operators must maintain constant awareness and adapt their driving behaviour to match current site conditions. This SWMS applies to all personnel operating light vehicles on construction sites including employees, contractors, subcontractors, visitors, and delivery drivers. It covers operations on all construction site types including building construction, civil works, infrastructure projects, and maintenance activities. The document addresses Australian Work Health and Safety requirements under the WHS Act 2011 and relevant state regulations.

Fully editable, audit-ready, and aligned to Australian WHS standards.

Why this SWMS matters

Light vehicle incidents on construction sites represent a significant cause of workplace injuries and fatalities across Australia. Safe Work Australia data shows vehicle-related incidents account for approximately 15% of construction fatalities, with many involving light vehicles striking pedestrians or interactions with heavy plant equipment. The consequences of light vehicle incidents can be severe including fatal injuries from vehicle strikes, crush injuries from reversing vehicles, and serious injuries from vehicle rollovers. The WHS Act 2011 requires persons conducting a business or undertaking (PCBUs) to ensure the health and safety of workers and others at the workplace, including managing risks associated with vehicle operations. Under Section 19, PCBUs must eliminate risks so far as reasonably practicable, or if elimination is not possible, minimise risks through implementation of effective control measures. This includes managing vehicle-pedestrian interactions, ensuring adequate traffic management, and implementing appropriate vehicle safety systems. Construction sites present particularly challenging environments for vehicle operation due to limited space, changing conditions, multiple simultaneous activities, and the presence of both vehicles and pedestrians in shared spaces. Unlike public roads with established traffic rules and marked lanes, construction sites often have temporary traffic arrangements that change as work progresses. This dynamic environment requires heightened awareness and strict adherence to site-specific traffic management plans. The cost of light vehicle incidents extends beyond immediate injury impacts to include project delays, investigation requirements, regulatory action, insurance claims, and reputational damage. Serious incidents may result in work stoppage orders, prosecution under WHS legislation, and significant financial penalties. Implementing comprehensive vehicle safety management demonstrates duty of care compliance while protecting workers, visitors, and the public from vehicle-related hazards. Proper implementation of light vehicle controls creates a safety culture where vehicle operations are carefully planned, monitored, and controlled. This systematic approach reduces incident rates, improves project efficiency, and ensures compliance with Australian WHS requirements.

Reinforce licensing, insurance, and regulator expectations for Light Vehicle on Construction Safe Work Method Statement crews before they mobilise.

Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

High

Light vehicle operators have limited visibility in construction environments due to dust, weather conditions, site structures, stored materials, and vehicle design blind spots. Workers move between activities without dedicated pedestrian pathways, often wearing high-visibility clothing that may be obscured by dust or weather. Vehicle blind spots are particularly hazardous during reversing operations when pedestrians may be directly behind the vehicle outside the driver's line of sight. Construction workers focused on tasks may not hear approaching vehicles due to ambient noise from machinery and equipment.

High

Reversing operations create the highest risk period for light vehicle operations on construction sites. Drivers have significantly reduced visibility when reversing, even with mirrors and cameras. Construction sites often require frequent reversing due to limited turning space, loading activities, and site access constraints. Workers on foot may enter the reversing path unexpectedly while the vehicle is moving. Reversing alarms may not be heard due to high ambient noise levels from other construction activities and equipment.

High

Construction sites frequently include sloped terrain, temporary ramps, and excavated areas with grades exceeding normal road conditions. Loose, graded, or wet surfaces reduce vehicle traction and braking effectiveness. Light vehicles parked on slopes may roll if park brake is insufficient or if wheel chocks are not used. Vehicles ascending or descending slopes may lose traction causing loss of control. Sudden changes in gradient may cause vehicles to bottom out or become airborne at crest transitions.

High

Construction sites involve simultaneous operation of light vehicles and heavy plant equipment including excavators, loaders, dozers, and trucks. Heavy plant operators have limited visibility and may not see light vehicles in blind spots. Light vehicles are highly vulnerable in collisions with heavy plant due to size and weight differential. Excavators swinging across access routes may strike passing light vehicles. Heavy plant may reverse without warning into light vehicle path. Radio communication breakdown may occur during critical plant movements.

Medium

Construction sites contain hidden ground hazards including underground services, inadequately compacted fill, undermined ground from excavation nearby, old wells or pits, and areas weakened by water infiltration. Light vehicles driving over weak ground may cause sudden collapse particularly after heavy rain. Trenches covered with temporary decking may not support vehicle weight. Ground near excavation edges may subside under vehicle loading. Services trenches may be inadequately backfilled creating void spaces that collapse under traffic.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Comprehensive site traffic management plan separates vehicle and pedestrian movements, establishes designated routes, controls vehicle access, and defines safe operating procedures for the specific construction site.

Implementation

1. Develop site traffic management plan showing designated vehicle routes, pedestrian pathways, exclusion zones, parking areas, loading zones, and intersection controls 2. Install physical barriers separating pedestrian and vehicle zones using concrete barriers, fencing, or delineators 3. Mark vehicle routes with line marking, signage, and delineators clearly visible in all weather conditions 4. Establish speed limits appropriate to site conditions typically 20 km/h in active work areas and 40 km/h on main access roads 5. Install stop signs, give way signs, and speed limit signs at appropriate locations using site-specific traffic control devices 6. Create designated reversing areas with spotter requirements clearly signed 7. Implement one-way traffic systems where possible to eliminate head-on collision risks 8. Review and update traffic management plan when site conditions change or new work areas are established

Trained spotter guides all reversing operations maintaining visual contact with driver and monitoring for pedestrians and obstacles in the reversing path.

Implementation

1. Provide spotter training to personnel authorized to guide reversing vehicles covering hand signals, positioning, communication, and emergency stop procedures 2. Equip spotters with high-visibility vests, two-way radios, and stop/slow bats for visibility in all conditions 3. Establish spotter positioning requirements maintaining clear line of sight to driver while remaining outside danger zone 4. Implement standard hand signals recognized by all drivers and spotters 5. Require radio communication between driver and spotter as primary communication method with hand signals as backup 6. Prohibit reversing operations without spotter when visibility is limited or pedestrians are present in area 7. Document spotter requirements in site induction and daily pre-start meetings 8. Conduct periodic competency assessments of spotters ensuring continued understanding of requirements

Daily inspection of light vehicles identifies mechanical defects, safety system faults, and damage that could compromise safe operation on construction sites.

Implementation

1. Complete daily pre-start inspection checklist before first use each day covering tyres, brakes, lights, horn, reversing alarm, mirrors, windscreen, wipers, and safety equipment 2. Check tyre pressures and tread depth appropriate for site surface conditions 3. Test service brake and park brake operation before entering construction site 4. Verify reversing alarm operation at adequate volume to be heard over ambient site noise 5. Inspect all mirrors ensuring proper adjustment and cleanliness for maximum visibility 6. Check windscreen for damage affecting driver visibility including cracks and chips 7. Verify operation of all lights including headlights, brake lights, indicators, and hazard lights 8. Ensure fire extinguisher, first aid kit, and emergency contact details are present in vehicle 9. Tag defective vehicles out of service immediately and arrange repairs before further use 10. Document inspection results in vehicle logbook with date, time, operator name, and defects identified

Site-specific induction ensures all light vehicle operators understand traffic management requirements, site hazards, speed limits, communication protocols, and emergency procedures.

Implementation

1. Develop site-specific vehicle induction program covering traffic routes, speed limits, exclusion zones, high-risk areas, communication systems, and emergency procedures 2. Conduct induction for all personnel operating light vehicles on site including employees, contractors, and visitors 3. Provide site map showing designated traffic routes, no-go zones, parking areas, and loading zones 4. Explain site-specific hazards including excavations, overhead hazards, blind corners, steep grades, and heavy plant operation areas 5. Demonstrate communication systems including radio channels, hand signals, and emergency notification procedures 6. Issue site access permit or vehicle pass only after successful completion of induction 7. Maintain induction records documenting date, attendee, topics covered, and competency assessment 8. Conduct refresher inductions when site conditions change significantly or following near-miss incidents

Installation of reversing cameras, proximity detection systems, additional mirrors, and reversing alarms enhances driver visibility and provides early warning of collision risks.

Implementation

1. Install reversing cameras providing clear view of area behind vehicle on in-cabin display screen 2. Fit proximity detection sensors that provide audible warning when objects detected in reversing path 3. Install additional wide-angle mirrors eliminating blind spots on both sides of vehicle 4. Upgrade reversing alarms to multi-frequency or broadband alarms audible over construction noise 5. Consider collision avoidance systems with automatic braking for high-risk environments 6. Install dashcam systems recording forward and rear views for incident investigation 7. Ensure all safety technology is maintained, tested regularly, and defects rectified immediately 8. Train operators in proper use of safety technology and limitations of systems

Marked exclusion zones around operating heavy plant prevent light vehicles entering areas where plant operator visibility is limited and collision risk is high.

Implementation

1. Establish minimum separation distance of 10 meters between light vehicles and operating heavy plant 2. Mark exclusion zones using highly visible barriers, bunting, or ground marking 3. Install signage warning of heavy plant operations and exclusion zone requirements 4. Implement radio communication protocols requiring heavy plant operators to announce movements 5. Require light vehicles to stop and establish radio contact before entering areas with heavy plant operation 6. Use traffic controllers at intersections where light vehicles must cross heavy plant routes 7. Schedule deliveries and light vehicle access during periods when heavy plant is not operating where practical 8. Maintain clear sight lines by removing stored materials and obstacles blocking visibility

Appropriate PPE protects vehicle operators and pedestrians when working in vehicle operating areas on construction sites.

Implementation

1. Require Class D or Class N high-visibility vests or shirts for all personnel in vehicle operating areas per AS/NZS 4602.1:2011 2. Ensure high-visibility clothing is clean, undamaged, and maintains reflective properties 3. Provide additional high-visibility PPE for visitors including vests and hard hats 4. Require safety footwear to AS/NZS 2210.3:2009 for all personnel working near vehicles 5. Ensure hard hats worn at all times when outside vehicles in construction areas 6. Maintain supply of spare high-visibility vests for unexpected visitors or emergency responders 7. Replace damaged or worn PPE immediately to maintain visibility effectiveness 8. Include PPE requirements in site induction and enforce compliance through supervision

Personal protective equipment

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Inspections & checks

Before work starts

  • Complete daily vehicle inspection checklist checking tyres, brakes, lights, reversing alarm, mirrors, horn, and safety equipment before first use
  • Verify current vehicle registration, insurance documentation, and operator licence validity
  • Check fuel level sufficient for planned activities to avoid refuelling in hazardous areas
  • Inspect high-visibility PPE ensuring clean condition and effective reflective properties
  • Review site traffic management plan and any changes to routes or restrictions since last shift
  • Confirm radio communication system operation and correct channel selection
  • Assess weather conditions and visibility including dust, fog, rain, or sun glare affecting driving
  • Check site access permits and delivery schedules to coordinate movements with other vehicles

During work

  • Maintain constant awareness of pedestrians and other vehicles through continuous scanning of surroundings
  • Monitor radio communications for warnings of heavy plant movements, deliveries, or emergency situations
  • Check mirrors every 5-8 seconds and before all manoeuvres to identify approaching hazards
  • Verify spotter presence and radio contact established before all reversing operations
  • Monitor vehicle operation including unusual noises, vibrations, brake performance, or steering response
  • Observe speed limit compliance using vehicle speedometer and adjust speed for site conditions
  • Watch for ground hazards including soft spots, trenches, excavations, and protruding services
  • Identify heavy plant operation and maintain exclusion zone distance at all times

After work

  • Park vehicle in designated parking area away from active work zones
  • Apply park brake firmly and select park gear (automatic) or lowest gear (manual)
  • Position wheels into curb on slopes and apply wheel chocks if parked on gradient
  • Remove keys from ignition and secure vehicle to prevent unauthorized use
  • Report any vehicle defects, damage, or unusual operation in vehicle logbook
  • Document any near-miss incidents or safety concerns in site incident register
  • Clean mud and debris from vehicle lights, mirrors, and windows maintaining visibility
  • Return radio equipment and keys to designated storage location

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Pre-operational Vehicle Inspection

Conduct thorough inspection of light vehicle before commencing operations. Walk around vehicle checking tyre condition, pressures, and tread depth for adequate traction on construction surfaces. Test service brake and park brake operation in safe area confirming proper function. Verify reversing alarm operation is audible at 15 meters distance over ambient site noise. Adjust all mirrors to eliminate blind spots while maintaining proper driving position. Check all lights operate correctly including headlights, brake lights, indicators, and hazard lights. Verify windscreen is clean and free from cracks affecting visibility. Ensure fire extinguisher and first aid kit are present and within service date. Check vehicle load is properly secured with appropriate restraints. Document inspection on vehicle logbook recording date, time, operator name, and any defects identified. Tag defective vehicles out of service immediately and arrange repairs before use.

Safety considerations

Never operate vehicle with defective brakes, lights, or reversing alarm. Inadequate tyre tread on construction surfaces significantly reduces braking effectiveness and increases rollover risk. Report all defects even if seemingly minor as they may deteriorate rapidly under construction site conditions.

Site Condition Assessment and Planning

Review current site traffic management plan and any updates issued since last shift. Study site map identifying designated vehicle routes, speed limit zones, exclusion areas, loading zones, and parking locations. Identify areas of heavy plant operation and high pedestrian activity requiring heightened awareness. Assess current weather and visibility conditions including dust, rain, fog, or sun glare. Check ground conditions along planned route noting soft spots, ruts, slopes, or surface changes. Identify overhead hazards including power lines, crane operation, and low structures. Note location of excavations, trenches, and ground hazards along route. Confirm radio channel assignment and test communication with site control. Plan route to destination using designated roads and avoiding high-risk areas. Allow additional travel time for construction site conditions and traffic delays.

Safety considerations

Construction sites change daily with new excavations, material storage, and equipment positioning. Route that was safe yesterday may present new hazards today. Always conduct fresh assessment rather than assuming conditions remain unchanged.

Site Entry and Traffic Route Compliance

Enter construction site through designated entry point reducing speed to site limit. Radio site control announcing entry with vehicle type and intended destination. Comply with all traffic signs including stop signs, give way signs, and speed limits. Use designated vehicle routes marked with line marking or delineators avoiding shortcuts through work areas. Maintain 20 km/h speed limit in active work areas and 40 km/h on main access roads unless signage indicates otherwise. Give way to all heavy plant equipment and pedestrians at all times. Stop completely at intersections and blind corners before proceeding even without stop sign. Use headlights for visibility to others even in daylight conditions. Sound horn when approaching blind corners or areas with poor visibility. Monitor radio continuously for warnings of heavy plant movements or emergency situations.

Safety considerations

Construction site speed limits are maximum speeds in ideal conditions. Reduce speed further for dust, wet conditions, rough surfaces, or pedestrian presence. Heavy plant always has right of way due to limited visibility and stopping distance.

Reversing Operations with Spotter

Plan manoeuvres to minimize reversing requirements whenever possible. When reversing is necessary, stop vehicle and request spotter assistance via radio. Wait for spotter arrival and establishment of radio contact before commencing reversing. Confirm spotter can see vehicle path and is positioned safely outside danger zone. Check all mirrors and blind spots before selecting reverse gear. Sound horn to alert nearby workers. Engage reverse gear activating reversing alarm and lights. Begin reversing slowly maintaining constant radio communication with spotter. Monitor all mirrors continuously while reversing. Stop immediately if spotter communication is lost or spotter raises hand in stop signal. Continue reversing under spotter guidance until destination reached or spotter signals to stop. Apply park brake and select neutral before spotter leaves position. Thank spotter for assistance maintaining positive safety culture.

Safety considerations

Never reverse without spotter when visibility is limited or pedestrians present. Reversing cameras and sensors assist but do not replace spotter requirement. Maintain slow reversing speed allowing time to stop if hazard appears.

Loading and Unloading Operations

Identify designated loading zone on site map and confirm location via radio with site control. Drive to loading area selecting level ground position away from excavations and traffic routes. Apply park brake and select park gear before leaving vehicle. Position wheel chocks on downhill side if any gradient present. Don high-visibility vest and hard hat before exiting vehicle. Assess manual handling requirements and gather assistance for heavy items exceeding 20kg. Open tail gate or doors ensuring they do not obstruct traffic or pedestrian routes. Load items positioning heavy items low and distributing weight evenly. Secure all loads using appropriate restraints including tie-down straps, cargo nets, or load binders per Australian Load Restraint Guide. Ensure load does not exceed vehicle payload capacity marked on compliance plate. Close and secure all doors and tail gate. Remove wheel chocks and store securely. Re-enter vehicle and release park brake. Check mirrors before moving ensuring loading area is clear of personnel.

Safety considerations

Unsecured loads can shift during travel causing vehicle instability or ejection onto roadway. Never overload vehicle beyond rated capacity as this compromises braking and handling. Use mechanical aids for heavy loads to prevent manual handling injuries.

Parking and Securing Vehicle

Select parking location in designated parking area on level ground away from active work zones and traffic routes. Position vehicle to allow forward drive-out avoiding reversing when returning to vehicle. Apply service brake bringing vehicle to complete stop. Select park gear (automatic) or first gear (manual). Apply park brake firmly ensuring vehicle will not roll. If on slope, position wheels toward curb and place wheel chocks on downhill side. Turn off engine and remove keys from ignition. Ensure all lights and accessories are off to preserve battery. Set hazard lights if parked temporarily in work area. Secure all doors and windows. Remove valuable items and equipment from vehicle. Return radio equipment and vehicle keys to designated storage location. Complete vehicle logbook recording final odometer reading, hours operated, fuel level, and any defects or concerns identified during operation. Report all defects to supervisor before leaving site.

Safety considerations

Vehicles parked on slopes must have wheels chocked to prevent rolling if park brake fails. Keys left in ignition allow unauthorized use by unqualified personnel. Report all defects promptly so maintenance can be scheduled preventing future incidents.

Frequently asked questions

What licence is required to operate a light vehicle on a construction site in Australia?

A current driver licence appropriate for the vehicle class is required. For vehicles under 4.5 tonnes gross vehicle mass, a standard car licence (Class C) is sufficient. The licence must be valid, not expired, and not suspended. Additionally, operators must complete site-specific induction covering traffic management requirements and receive authorization from site management to operate vehicles on the construction site. Some sites may require additional internal certification or vehicle operation permits beyond standard driver licence requirements. International licence holders must verify their licence is recognized under Australian road rules or obtain an International Driving Permit.

What speed limits apply to light vehicles on construction sites?

Construction sites typically implement speed limits of 20 km/h in active work areas where workers and equipment are present, and up to 40 km/h on main access roads. However, these are maximum speeds under ideal conditions. Operators must reduce speed further based on visibility, surface conditions, pedestrian presence, and proximity to hazards. Site-specific speed limits take precedence over general guidelines and must be displayed on signage at site entry and throughout the work area. Speed limit selection considers factors including site size, activity levels, blind corners, surface conditions, and pedestrian traffic. Remember that construction site speed limits are enforced through site access controls and violations may result in removal of site access privileges.

When is a spotter required for reversing operations on construction sites?

A spotter is required whenever reversing visibility is limited, pedestrians are present in the area, or site traffic management plan specifies spotter use. Best practice requires spotters for all reversing operations on construction sites due to limited visibility, high pedestrian presence, and changing site conditions. Spotters must be trained in guiding reversing vehicles, positioned where they have clear visibility of the vehicle path while remaining outside the danger zone, and maintain constant radio or visual communication with the driver. Reversing cameras and proximity sensors assist operators but do not replace the requirement for a trained spotter. The spotter guides the driver and monitors for pedestrians or obstacles entering the reversing path.

What are the main differences between driving on public roads and construction sites?

Construction sites differ from public roads in several critical ways. Traffic routes may be unmarked, temporary, or change daily based on work activities. Surface conditions vary from formed roads to rough graded surfaces with reduced traction. Pedestrians share vehicle routes without dedicated footpaths and may be focused on work rather than traffic. Heavy plant equipment operates with limited visibility creating blind spots and requiring careful coordination. Speed limits are significantly lower to account for these conditions. Visibility may be reduced by dust, weather, structures, or stored materials. Communication via radio is typically required to coordinate movements. Underground services and excavations create ground collapse hazards not present on formed roads. All these factors require heightened awareness and defensive driving techniques beyond normal road operation.

How should loads be secured in light vehicles on construction sites?

Loads must be secured according to the Australian Load Restraint Guide using appropriate restraints for the load type and vehicle. This includes tie-down straps, cargo nets, load binders, or containment systems preventing load shift or ejection during travel. Heavy items should be positioned low in the vehicle to lower the centre of gravity and reduce rollover risk. Weight should be distributed evenly to maintain vehicle stability. Loads must not exceed vehicle payload capacity shown on the compliance plate. All tie-down points must be rated for the forces involved and in good condition. Regular checks during transport ensure restraints remain tight as loads may settle or shift. Loads extending beyond the vehicle must be marked with high-visibility flags or lighting per road rules. Loose items must never be transported unsecured as they become projectiles during braking or in collisions.

What should I do if I encounter a near-miss incident while operating a light vehicle on site?

Stop the vehicle safely in a secure location away from traffic and hazards. Ensure all persons involved are safe and provide first aid if required. Contact site supervision immediately via radio or phone reporting the incident. Complete a near-miss report documenting what happened, contributing factors, location, time, vehicles involved, and witnesses. Take photos of the scene if safe to do so. Cooperate with any incident investigation providing accurate information about events. Do not move the vehicle or disturb the scene if investigation is required, unless necessary for safety reasons. Participate in toolbox meetings discussing lessons learned from the incident. Near-miss reporting helps identify hazards and prevent serious incidents through corrective action. Some near-miss incidents may indicate required changes to traffic management plans or control measures.

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Key Controls

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  • • PPE: hard hats, eye protection, gloves
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