Safe Work Procedures for Mechanical Tree Removal Operations

Tree Felling Mechanical Safe Work Method Statement

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Mechanical tree felling uses specialised machinery including excavator-mounted tree fellers, forestry mulchers, and mechanical tree shears to cut and remove trees more efficiently than manual chainsaw operations. These machines employ hydraulic cutter heads, rotating blades, or scissor-action shears capable of severing trees up to 800mm diameter in seconds. Operators work from excavator cabins controlling cutting mechanisms remotely, while ground crews coordinate material handling and site clearance. This Safe Work Method Statement addresses the specific hazards of mechanical tree felling including uncontrolled tree fall directions, equipment kickback from cutting forces, contact with rotating cutter heads, and workers being struck by falling trees or branches.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Mechanical tree felling has become standard practice for land clearing, vegetation management along corridors, and forestry operations where efficiency and operator safety improvements justify the capital investment in specialised equipment. Tree felling heads mount to excavator booms using standard quick-hitch systems, transforming conventional excavators into purpose-built tree removal machines. The most common systems include hydraulic tree shears that cut through trunks using scissor action, accumulating feller heads that grip the tree while cutting then deposit it in controlled direction, and rotary mulching heads that shred entire trees into wood chips. The cutting mechanisms vary by design but all apply enormous hydraulic force. Tree shears develop cutting forces exceeding 200 tonnes, severing hardwood trees in 2-3 seconds. Accumulating heads combine grapple arms that secure the tree during cutting, allowing the operator to maintain full control throughout the felling sequence. After cutting, the boom rotates depositing the tree in designated direction away from hazards. Mulching heads employ tungsten-tipped teeth rotating at 600-1000 RPM, grinding trees and vegetation into mulch that can be left on site or collected. Each attachment type creates distinct hazard profiles requiring specific controls. Operators work from excavator cabins with clear visibility of cutting operations, though blind spots exist particularly when working near vertical trees or during full boom extension. Modern machines feature reinforced ROPS/FOPS cabins protecting against falling debris and rollover. However, cabin protection proves ineffective if trees fall onto the cabin from unanticipated directions or if machines are positioned incorrectly. The operator's ability to predict tree fall direction accurately depends on assessing lean, branch weight distribution, wind loading, and internal defects that may not be visible externally. Ground crews work in conjunction with machine operators to establish exclusion zones, direct traffic, manage material handling, and provide oversight of felling operations. The demarcation between safe working areas and tree fall zones requires constant reassessment as operations progress. Communication between operators and ground personnel uses two-way radios supplemented by visual signals, as machine noise and ear protection prevent verbal communication. Understanding these operational characteristics is fundamental to implementing effective safety controls for mechanical tree felling.

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Why this SWMS matters

Mechanical tree felling eliminates many hazards associated with manual chainsaw operations by removing operators from immediate proximity to falling trees and reducing physical demands of cutting. However, mechanical felling introduces distinct hazards that have caused fatalities when inadequately controlled. The primary risk involves workers being struck by trees during felling operations. Despite mechanical control, trees can fall in unexpected directions due to internal rot creating asymmetric weight distribution, wind gusts during cutting, or the tree splitting vertically before cut completion. Workers positioned in assumed safe areas have been killed when trees fell contrary to predicted paths. Kickback from cutting forces presents serious hazards particularly with tree shear attachments. When shear blades contact trunks, hydraulic systems exert enormous cutting pressure. If the tree shifts position during cutting or if internal stresses release as the cut progresses, violent kickback can occur launching the attachment and excavator boom sideways or vertically. Operators have sustained whiplash injuries and been thrown from seats during severe kickback events despite seat restraints. Nearby ground workers face impact hazards if the excavator swings unexpectedly following kickback. Rotating cutter heads on mulching attachments create extreme contact hazards. Carbide teeth rotating at high speeds produce devastating injuries if contacted. Debris ejection from mulching operations can propel wood chips, bark fragments, and rock at velocities exceeding 50 metres per second. Workers struck by ejected material have sustained eye injuries despite safety glasses, and lacerations from larger fragments. The ejection zone extends 30-50 metres depending on material being processed and equipment power, requiring substantial exclusion areas. Hanging or lodged trees present ongoing hazards during mechanical felling operations. If a tree becomes caught in adjacent canopy during felling, it may remain suspended creating a 'widow maker' hazard. Attempts to dislodge hung trees using excavator force can result in sudden release with unpredictable fall direction. Multiple workers have been killed by hung trees that released unexpectedly hours or days after initial felling attempts, highlighting the importance of systematic hung tree protocols. From a regulatory perspective, mechanical tree felling constitutes high-risk construction work requiring appropriate plant operator licensing and comprehensive risk assessment. Under WHS regulations, PCBUs must ensure workers operating tree felling equipment possess required competencies, that equipment is maintained to manufacturer specifications, and that exclusion zones prevent unauthorised access to hazardous areas. Following serious incidents, investigations have focused on adequacy of operator training, maintenance of hydraulic systems, and whether appropriate controls were implemented for site-specific conditions including proximity to infrastructure and public access.

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Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Uncontrolled Tree Fall Direction and Workers Struck

High

Despite mechanical control systems, trees can fall in unpredicted directions due to factors including internal decay creating uneven weight distribution, wind gusts during cutting sequence, vertical splitting before cut completion, or binding against adjacent trees. Operators assess fall direction based on visible lean and crown weight, but internal defects remain hidden until cutting commences. Dead trees present greater unpredictability due to deteriorated structural integrity and unknown cavity locations. Trees on slopes exhibit complex failure patterns as gravitational forces interact with cutting forces. Workers positioned in assumed safe zones based on predicted fall direction face fatal crushing if trees deviate from expected path. Ground crew members managing cleared material, traffic controllers at site perimeters, and workers operating ancillary equipment all work within potential fall zones requiring constant situational awareness.

Kickback and Whip from Mechanical Cutting Equipment

High

Tree shears and feller heads exert enormous hydraulic cutting forces that can cause violent equipment reaction if trees shift during cutting or if internal stresses release unexpectedly. When cutting pressure releases suddenly, the excavator boom and attachment can whip sideways or vertically with extreme force. This occurs when trees split before cut completion, when cutting through compression wood under load, or when shear blades encounter hard inclusions like buried metal or rocks. The excavator's boom moves with tremendous momentum that operator cannot arrest immediately despite hydraulic controls. Operators seated in cabins experience violent shaking and potential ejection from seats despite restraints. The boom's rapid movement creates impact hazards for ground workers positioned near the excavator who may be struck by the swinging boom or attachment.

Contact with Rotating Cutter Head and Blade Systems

High

Rotary mulching heads feature tungsten-tipped teeth rotating at 600-1000 RPM capable of shredding timber, rocks, and any object that contacts the cutting zone. These attachments continue rotating for 30-60 seconds after operator releases hydraulic controls due to rotational momentum. Workers approaching too closely during operation or immediately after shutdown face catastrophic injuries if contacted by rotating components. Maintenance activities including tooth replacement, bearing lubrication, or belt adjustment require working near cutting surfaces that may have residual hydraulic pressure capable of initiating rotation unexpectedly. Debris accumulation around cutter heads obscures the cutting surface creating false impression that equipment is stationary when minimal rotation continues. The cutting zone extends beyond the physical head diameter as material being processed can protrude outward during shredding.

Workers Struck by Falling Branches and Debris

High

During mechanical felling, trees often shed branches, bark, and dead wood as cutting forces and machine manipulation shake the trunk. These falling objects present hazards for operators in excavator cabins if canopy falls onto cabin roof, and serious risks for ground crew positioned near felling operations. Dead branches ('widow makers') suspended in canopy may dislodge from vibration before main trunk is felled. Trees leaning over work areas create overhead hazard zones where workers must transit despite falling debris risks. When accumulating feller heads grip and shake trees during cutting sequence, the vibration dislodges unstable branches that fall unpredictably. Processing cut trees with mulching heads generates debris ejection at high velocities with fragments travelling 30-50 metres. Bark plates from large trees can weigh 5-20kg creating severe impact hazard when falling from height.

Machine Rollover on Sloped or Unstable Terrain

High

Excavators operating tree felling attachments work on varied terrain including slopes, soft ground, and areas destabilised by previous vegetation removal. The weight of felling heads (1500-3000kg) plus gripped trees can exceed excavator's stability limits particularly when boom is extended or when rotating loaded boom across slope. Slope angles that would normally be safe for excavator earthmoving become hazardous when operating lateral loads from tree felling. Underground cavities from root systems, buried rubble, or soil subsidence create sudden ground failure risks. Operators focused on cutting operations may fail to monitor machine levelness until stability is compromised. Wet conditions reduce track adhesion and increase rollover susceptibility. Accumulated material around tracks reduces effective track contact with ground decreasing stability margins.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Tree Assessment and Fall Direction Planning

Administrative

Systematic assessment of each tree before cutting to identify structural defects, weight distribution, and predict fall direction accurately

Implementation

1. Inspect tree visually from all sides identifying lean direction, crown weight asymmetry, and visible structural damage 2. Use increment borer or resistance drilling to check for internal decay in trees with questionable structural integrity 3. Assess wind conditions and wind loading on crown, delay felling operations when winds exceed 20 km/h gusting 4. Identify escape routes for operators and ground crew allowing rapid evacuation perpendicular to predicted fall direction 5. Mark exclusion zone extending minimum 2 tree heights in all directions from cutting location using high-visibility bunting 6. Communicate predicted fall direction to all site personnel via radio before commencing each tree cut 7. Document trees with unusual characteristics requiring specialist assessment or alternative removal methods 8. Implement sequential felling plan ensuring previously felled trees don't interfere with fall paths of subsequent trees 9. Prohibit felling trees toward buildings, infrastructure, live utilities, or public access areas without engineered rigging systems 10. Conduct daily briefing reviewing fall direction planning, communication protocols, and emergency procedures

Mechanical Tree Felling Equipment Operator Licensing

Administrative

Ensure operators possess current high-risk work licences and demonstrate competency in operating specific felling attachments

Implementation

1. Verify operators hold current RB (Reach truck) licence or equivalent excavator operation licence appropriate to machine size 2. Confirm operators completed manufacturer-specific training for felling head type being used (shear, accumulating, or mulching) 3. Conduct competency assessment demonstrating tree assessment skills, fall direction prediction, and safe cutting techniques 4. Provide site-specific induction covering terrain hazards, proximity to infrastructure, and local environmental conditions 5. Require operators demonstrate pre-start inspection procedures including hydraulic system checks and attachment security verification 6. Maintain training records including licence verification, manufacturer training certificates, and competency assessment results 7. Implement supervised operation period for operators new to specific attachment type or working in challenging terrain 8. Conduct refresher training following incidents, near misses, or when introducing new equipment models 9. Ensure operators trained in emergency procedures including hung tree protocols and equipment malfunction response 10. Review operator performance regularly providing feedback on safety practices and technique refinement

Exclusion Zone Establishment and Ground Worker Protection

Engineering

Physical barriers and procedural controls preventing ground workers entering hazardous tree fall zones during felling operations

Implementation

1. Establish primary exclusion zone extending minimum 2 tree heights radius from each tree being felled, marked with bunting and warning signs 2. Position ground crew members outside exclusion zone during actual cutting operations, entry permitted only after tree felled and secured 3. Assign dedicated ground observer with clear view of felling operations monitoring for unauthorised entry to exclusion zones 4. Implement radio communication protocol requiring operator to announce 'commencing cut' before each tree, ground crew acknowledge clear of zone 5. Install audible warning device on excavator activated by operator 10 seconds before commencing each cut providing alert to ground workers 6. Establish secondary safe assembly area minimum 50 metres from active felling where ground workers wait during cutting operations 7. Use high-visibility vests with unique colors distinguishing operators, ground crew, and observers simplifying headcount verification 8. Prohibit mobile phone use by ground workers during active felling operations ensuring full attention on surroundings 9. Implement buddy system where ground workers maintain visual contact with assigned partner throughout shift 10. Review exclusion zone adequacy daily adjusting for changing wind conditions, terrain features, or operational modifications

Pre-Operational Equipment Inspection for Felling Attachments

Administrative

Comprehensive daily inspection of excavator and felling attachment systems identifying defects before commencing operations

Implementation

1. Check hydraulic fluid levels and inspect all hoses for leaks, abrasion, bulging, or deterioration indicating imminent failure 2. Verify felling attachment secured correctly to excavator quick-hitch, check locking pins in place and safety devices engaged 3. Inspect attachment cutting surfaces for damage, wear, or missing components (shear blades, saw chains, mulcher teeth) 4. Test hydraulic functions at low speed confirming smooth operation without jerking, unusual noise, or pressure fluctuations 5. Verify emergency shutdown systems functional from operator position, test emergency stops respond within 2 seconds 6. Inspect excavator ROPS/FOPS cabin for damage including cracked glass, compromised structural members, or missing guards 7. Check operator seat restraints functional with working buckles and adjusters maintaining proper fit 8. Test communication systems including two-way radios between operator and ground crew, ensure spare batteries available 9. Verify fire extinguisher present in cabin, accessible, and within current inspection date 10. Document inspection in equipment logbook, tag out machine if any safety-critical defects identified until repairs completed

Lockout-Tagout for Felling Attachment Maintenance

Elimination

Mandatory isolation of hydraulic and mechanical systems before maintenance activities eliminating unexpected equipment movement

Implementation

1. Develop written lockout procedure specific to felling attachment type covering all hydraulic and mechanical isolation points 2. Provide individual lockout devices (padlocks with unique keys) for each operator and maintenance worker 3. Before maintenance: shut down engine, relieve hydraulic pressure by cycling controls with engine off, apply locks to hydraulic isolation valves 4. Lower attachment to ground providing stable support, never rely on hydraulic cylinders to support attachment during maintenance 5. Attach lockout tag stating worker name, date, and maintenance being performed to steering wheel and attachment controls 6. For mulching heads: allow complete rotation stop (minimum 60 seconds after shutdown) before approaching, verify rotation ceased visually 7. Block rotating components with mechanical stops preventing unexpected rotation from residual hydraulic pressure 8. Never remove another worker's lock, only the worker who applied lock may remove it after completing work 9. Communicate before re-energising: confirm all workers clear, remove all tools, verify guards replaced, remove locks in reverse order of application 10. Document all lockout events in logbook including reason, duration, and workers involved

Hung Tree Management Protocol

Administrative

Systematic procedure for safely managing trees that become lodged in adjacent canopy during felling operations

Implementation

1. Prohibit ground workers from entering beneath or adjacent to hung trees, establish exclusion zone extending 3 tree lengths radius 2. Assess hung tree configuration identifying contact points with standing trees and forces keeping tree suspended 3. Use excavator with felling head to grip hung tree and pull or push toward intended fall direction if safe approach angle exists 4. If mechanical dislodging not feasible, fell adjacent supporting trees in sequence relieving support and allowing controlled collapse 5. Never use ropes or cables pulled by vehicles to dislodge hung trees due to unpredictable release and recoil hazards 6. Mark hung tree locations clearly with high-visibility bunting and warning signs if leaving temporarily to reassess strategy 7. Brief all site personnel on hung tree locations during shift changeovers ensuring ongoing awareness 8. Document hung trees including location, configuration, and planned resolution method in site diary 9. Engage qualified arborist for complex hung tree situations involving multiple contact points or high-value property proximity 10. Verify hung tree fully dislodged and on ground before allowing ground crew access to area for material processing

Debris Ejection Protection for Mulching Operations

Engineering

Physical guards and exclusion zones preventing workers being struck by high-velocity debris from rotary mulching heads

Implementation

1. Install manufacturer-approved debris guards and chains around mulching head perimeter deflecting ejected material downward 2. Establish minimum 50-metre exclusion zone around active mulching operations, prohibit ground workers entering this zone 3. Position excavator to direct debris ejection toward open areas away from workers, structures, vehicles, and public access 4. Use excavator cabin as shield positioning machine between mulching head and any workers who must remain in area 5. Install polycarbonate debris screens on excavator cabin windows providing enhanced impact resistance beyond standard glass 6. Require all ground workers wear full-face shields in addition to hard hats when working within 100 metres of mulching operations 7. Cease mulching operations if public or unauthorised workers approach within 100 metres until area secured 8. Inspect debris guards daily for damage, replace worn chains or damaged deflector plates before commencing operations 9. Brief all personnel on debris ejection hazards and mandatory exclusion distances during pre-start meetings 10. Mark exclusion zone with signs warning of flying debris hazard and prohibiting unauthorised entry

Excavator Stability Management on Slopes and Variable Terrain

Engineering

Controls preventing excavator rollover when operating felling attachments on sloped or unstable ground

Implementation

1. Assess terrain stability before positioning excavator, avoid areas with underground cavities, soft fill, or recent excavation 2. Limit slope operations to maximum angles specified in manufacturer's stability charts for specific attachment weight 3. Position excavator with tracks perpendicular to slope when working across grades, maintain boom over downhill track 4. Avoid extending boom fully when working on slopes, keep attachment close to excavator reducing leverage and improving stability 5. Fell trees downhill wherever possible, if felling uphill maintain boom low and advance excavator uphill between trees 6. Monitor excavator levelness continuously using cabin-mounted inclinometer, cease operations if tilt exceeds safe limits 7. Compact soft ground or install timber mats beneath tracks before positioning excavator for felling operations 8. Avoid rotating loaded boom across slope where lateral forces could exceed stability limits, reposition excavator instead 9. Clear accumulated mulch and debris from tracks regularly maintaining full track contact with ground surface 10. Reassess stability after significant rain events as saturated soil reduces bearing capacity and increases rollover risk

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Personal protective equipment

Requirement: Type 1 hard hat meeting impact and penetration standards with attached full-face polycarbonate shield

When: Mandatory for all operators and ground workers at all times when within 100 metres of active tree felling operations

Requirement: Class D day/night vest or coveralls with reflective tape meeting retroreflectivity standards, unique colors for different work roles

When: Required for all ground crew throughout shift, operators when exiting excavator cabin

Requirement: Leather work boots with steel toe caps, penetration-resistant midsole, ankle support, slip-resistant tread

When: Mandatory at all times in tree felling work areas including operators entering/exiting cabins

Requirement: Class 4 or 5 earmuffs or fitted earplugs providing minimum 25dB attenuation, compatible with radio communication

When: Required when within 50 metres of operating excavator or mulching equipment

Requirement: Heavy-duty leather gloves providing cut resistance and grip for material handling, chainsaw gloves for manual operations

When: Required when handling cut timber, operating equipment controls, or conducting maintenance tasks

Requirement: Safety glasses with side shields minimum, full-face shield preferred when within 50 metres of mulching operations

When: Mandatory when in work areas, face shield required for ground workers during active mulching

Requirement: Long-sleeved cotton shirt and long pants, avoid synthetic materials, no loose clothing or jewellery

When: Required at all times in work areas, protects from minor abrasions, UV exposure, and debris contact

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

  • ✓Complete documented pre-start inspection of excavator and felling attachment covering all safety-critical systems
  • ✓Verify operator holds current excavator operation licence and felling attachment competency certification
  • ✓Check attachment securely mounted to quick-hitch with all locking pins and safety devices engaged
  • ✓Test hydraulic systems for leaks, verify pressure within normal operating range, check emergency stops functional
  • ✓Inspect work area identifying hazards including overhead power lines, underground services, unstable terrain, and public access
  • ✓Establish exclusion zones marked with bunting extending minimum 2 tree heights from planned felling areas
  • ✓Verify communication systems functional between operator and ground crew, confirm all personnel have working radios
  • ✓Review weather forecast checking for high winds, storms, or conditions requiring operational modifications or cessation

During work

  • ✓Assess each tree individually before cutting identifying lean, structural defects, and predicted fall direction
  • ✓Announce via radio before commencing each cut, verify ground crew acknowledge they are clear of exclusion zone
  • ✓Monitor tree behaviour during cutting watching for splitting, unexpected movement, or deviation from predicted fall path
  • ✓Verify exclusion zones maintained with no unauthorised personnel approaching active felling areas
  • ✓Observe excavator stability continuously particularly when working on slopes or extending boom fully
  • ✓Check hydraulic system performance for any changes in pressure, unusual noises, or reduced response times
  • ✓Monitor ground crew locations ensuring personnel remain in designated safe areas and maintain awareness of operations
  • ✓Watch for overhead hazards including power lines when boom extended or when manipulating tall trees

After work

  • ✓Lower felling attachment to ground and allow hydraulic pressure to equalise before shutting down equipment
  • ✓Inspect attachment for damage including bent components, hydraulic leaks, or wear requiring maintenance attention
  • ✓Check excavator systems for issues that developed during operation including hydraulic leaks, loose components, or damage
  • ✓Verify all hung trees resolved and on ground, no partially felled trees creating ongoing hazards
  • ✓Document hours operated, trees felled, and any equipment defects or safety concerns in logbook
  • ✓Report any incidents, near misses, or safety issues observed during shift to supervisor for investigation
  • ✓Secure work site ensuring fallen trees don't obstruct access, exclusion zones remain marked for next shift awareness
  • ✓Conduct operator debrief discussing any technique concerns, equipment performance issues, or process improvements

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready
1

Site Assessment and Hazard Identification

Before commencing tree felling operations, conduct comprehensive site assessment identifying all hazards and constraints. Walk the entire work area marking trees to be felled with high-visibility paint or flagging. Identify overhead power lines, underground services, buildings, roadways, and other infrastructure requiring protection. Assess terrain conditions including slope angles, soil stability, drainage, and access routes for equipment and emergency vehicles. Identify environmentally sensitive areas including waterways, threatened species habitat, or erosion-prone locations requiring special controls. Document hazards on site map shared with all personnel. Engage utility providers to locate and mark underground services before excavator operations. Establish primary vehicle access routes and emergency evacation paths. Identify suitable safe assembly areas for ground crew positioned outside tree fall zones. Photograph site conditions before commencement providing baseline for compliance verification.

2

Establish Exclusion Zones and Access Control

Mark primary exclusion zone extending minimum 2 tree heights in all directions from each tree to be felled using high-visibility bunting secured to star pickets or existing vegetation. Install warning signs at all access points stating 'Tree Felling Operations - Authorised Personnel Only - Hard Hats Mandatory'. For sites adjacent to public areas or roadways, install temporary fencing preventing unauthorised access to work zones. Establish secondary safe assembly area minimum 50 metres from active felling where ground crew wait during cutting operations. Create clearly marked access lanes for equipment movement separate from exclusion zones. Assign person to control site access verifying all entering personnel authorised, inducted, wearing required PPE, and briefed on current operations. For operations near roadways, implement traffic management with qualified controllers directing traffic around work zones. Mark hung tree locations with additional bunting and warning signs if trees left temporarily. Review exclusion zone adequacy daily adjusting boundaries as operations progress and wind conditions change.

3

Pre-Operational Equipment Checks

Conduct systematic inspection of excavator and felling attachment before operations each shift. Check engine oil, hydraulic fluid, and coolant levels, adding as required and investigating any significant consumption indicating leaks. Inspect all hydraulic hoses visually for damage including cuts, abrasion, bulging, or fluid weeping from fittings. Verify felling attachment mounted securely to quick-hitch with locking pins fully engaged and safety devices in place. Start excavator engine and warm up hydraulic systems while observing gauges for normal pressure and temperature. Operate felling attachment through full range of motion at low speed confirming smooth hydraulic operation without jerking or unusual noises. Test emergency stop systems from operator position verifying controls respond immediately stopping all functions. Check ROPS/FOPS cabin for damage including cracked glass or structural deformation. Verify operator seat restraints functional with working buckles. Test two-way radio communication with ground crew. Confirm fire extinguisher present and current. Document inspection in equipment logbook.

4

Individual Tree Assessment Before Cutting

Before cutting each tree, conduct visual assessment from multiple angles. Identify primary lean direction based on trunk angle and crown weight distribution. Look for structural indicators including dead branches, fungal fruiting bodies suggesting internal decay, cracks, splits, or historical damage. Assess branch weight asymmetry that may cause tree to fall contrary to lean direction. Consider wind loading on crown particularly during gusty conditions. For questionable trees, use increment borer or resistance drill checking for internal cavities or decay. Identify obstacles in predicted fall path including standing trees, stumps, rocks, or depressions that may deflect falling tree. Plan escape routes perpendicular to predicted fall allowing operator and ground crew rapid evacuation if tree falls unexpectedly. Communicate assessment to ground crew via radio stating predicted fall direction and confirming all personnel clear of fall zone. Adjust exclusion zone boundaries if tree height or fall characteristics require larger safety buffer.

5

Position Excavator for Safe Cutting Access

Position excavator to achieve cutting access while maintaining machine stability and operator protection. Approach tree from uphill side on sloped terrain positioning tracks perpendicular to slope for maximum stability. Maintain excavator position allowing retreat if tree falls toward machine. Extend boom to reach cutting point keeping attachment close to excavator minimising leverage and maintaining stability. Position cutting attachment at intended cutting height typically 300-600mm above ground for complete severance. Ensure operator has clear visibility of tree during entire cutting sequence with minimal blind spots. Verify excavator positioned to protect operator from predicted fall direction using machine frame as shield. Test ground stability before committing machine weight, if soft ground detected install timber mats beneath tracks. Avoid positioning excavator where falling tree could strike cabin or pin machine against obstacles. Verify adequate working room for boom rotation when depositing felled tree. Communicate position to ground crew confirming clear sight lines and coordination understood.

6

Execute Controlled Cutting Sequence

Announce via radio 'commencing cut on tree [number/location]' and verify ground crew acknowledge clear of exclusion zone. Activate excavator audible warning device alerting personnel cutting sequence starting. For accumulating feller heads: extend grapple arms securing tree firmly, position cutting blade at intended height, activate cutting sequence monitoring tree behaviour continuously. For tree shears: position shear blades perpendicular to trunk, apply cutting pressure gradually watching for tree movement, maintain constant pressure until complete severance. Monitor tree during cutting for unexpected behaviour including vertical splitting, sideways deflection, or compression release causing kickback. If tree behaviour becomes unpredictable, cease cutting pressure and reassess. Once cut complete, maintain control using grapple or boom pressure guiding tree to ground in predicted direction. For accumulating heads, rotate boom depositing tree in designated clear area away from standing trees and infrastructure. Watch for branches breaking during tree fall. Verify tree fully on ground before releasing grapple pressure.

7

Manage Hung Trees Using Safe Protocols

If tree becomes lodged in adjacent canopy during felling, immediately announce via radio 'hung tree, all personnel maintain exclusion zone'. Establish enhanced exclusion zone extending 3 tree lengths radius from hung tree marked with bunting and warning signs. Assess hung tree configuration from safe distance identifying contact points with supporting trees and forces keeping tree suspended. If accessible, use excavator with felling attachment to grip hung tree and apply controlled force pulling toward intended fall direction. Apply force gradually watching for sudden release. If mechanical pulling ineffective, assess felling adjacent supporting trees in sequence relieving support and allowing controlled collapse. Never use rope and vehicle systems for hung tree removal due to unpredictable release and severe recoil hazards. If complex hung tree situation exists involving multiple contact points or proximity to infrastructure, cease operations and engage qualified arborist for specialist removal. Document hung tree locations in site diary and brief all personnel including shift changeovers. Verify complete resolution before allowing ground crew access to area.

8

Post-Felling Material Processing

Once tree confirmed fully on ground and stable, announce to ground crew 'tree secure, ground crew may approach for processing'. Ground workers approach felled tree maintaining awareness of potential hazards including branches under tension that may release, unstable trunks that may roll, or additional debris falling from canopy. If using mulching head for material reduction, establish 50-metre exclusion zone around active mulching operations prohibiting ground worker entry. Position excavator to direct debris ejection toward open areas away from personnel and structures. Operate mulching head systematically processing material from base to crown reducing travel distance with loaded attachment. Monitor mulcher performance watching for unusual vibration, temperature, or noise indicating problems. Process material to required size specifications ensuring compliance with site environmental management plan. For trees being retained for timber, use excavator to move logs to designated stacking area. Stack logs safely with chocks preventing rolling. Clear work area of debris and trip hazards before advancing to next tree. Mark completed areas clearly distinguishing from active felling zones.

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Frequently asked questions

What licence do I need to operate mechanical tree felling equipment in Australia?

Operating excavators with tree felling attachments requires a high-risk work licence for RB (Reach truck) or equivalent excavator operation licence under the national licensing system. The specific licence class depends on excavator weight and configuration. Additionally, operators should complete manufacturer-specific training for the particular felling attachment being used, as operational techniques differ significantly between tree shears, accumulating feller heads, and mulching attachments. Some states may require additional licensing or permits for commercial vegetation clearing activities. Employers must verify licence validity before allowing operation and maintain training records demonstrating competency in safe tree assessment and felling techniques. Operating mechanical tree felling equipment without appropriate licensing exposes both worker and employer to penalties and creates serious liability in event of incidents.

How do I determine safe exclusion zone distances for tree felling operations?

Establish primary exclusion zones extending minimum 2 tree heights in all directions from each tree being felled. This provides safety margin accounting for unpredictable fall directions caused by internal defects, wind, or unexpected structural failure. For example, a 20-metre tall tree requires 40-metre radius exclusion zone. Increase this distance for trees with significant lean, asymmetric crown weight, or visible structural damage that increases fall unpredictability. In high-wind conditions, expand exclusion zones by additional 50% as gusts can deflect falling trees significantly from predicted paths. For mulching operations, establish separate 50-metre exclusion zone around active mulching due to debris ejection hazards. Mark exclusion boundaries clearly with high-visibility bunting and warning signs. Prohibit all ground workers from entering exclusion zones during actual cutting operations regardless of production pressure. Position ground crew in designated safe assembly areas outside exclusion zones where they wait until trees felled and operator confirms safe to approach. Review and adjust exclusion zones daily as operations progress and site conditions change.

What should I do if a tree becomes hung up in adjacent canopy during mechanical felling?

Immediately announce via radio that hung tree situation exists and establish enhanced exclusion zone extending 3 tree lengths radius from hung tree location. Mark this zone clearly with bunting and warning signs. Prohibit all ground workers from entering beneath or adjacent to hung tree as sudden release causes fatal crushing. Assess hung tree configuration from safe distance identifying contact points with supporting trees. If safe approach angle exists, use excavator with felling attachment to grip hung tree and apply controlled pulling force toward intended fall direction, applying pressure gradually and watching for sudden release. If mechanical pulling ineffective or unsafe, consider felling adjacent supporting trees in controlled sequence relieving support. Never use ropes pulled by vehicles due to extreme recoil hazards when tree releases. For complex hung tree situations involving multiple contact points, proximity to infrastructure, or heights exceeding equipment reach, cease operations and engage qualified arborist with specialised rigging equipment. Document hung tree locations in site diary and brief all site personnel including shift changeovers on hazard locations. Treat hung trees as high-priority requiring immediate resolution or ongoing exclusion from work areas.

How can I prevent excavator rollover when operating tree felling attachments on slopes?

Excavator stability on slopes decreases significantly when operating heavy felling attachments due to lateral loading and boom extension. Before positioning excavator, assess slope angle using inclinometer and compare against manufacturer stability charts for specific attachment weight. Never exceed manufacturer slope limits. Position excavator with tracks perpendicular to slope maintaining boom over downhill track when working across grades. Keep attachment close to excavator minimising boom extension and reducing leverage effects. Fell trees downhill wherever possible as this maintains lower centre of gravity. If felling uphill necessary, keep boom low and advance excavator uphill between trees rather than extending boom uphill. Avoid rotating loaded boom across slope where lateral forces could exceed stability limits. Monitor cabin inclinometer continuously during operations ceasing work if tilt approaches safe limits. Assess ground stability before committing excavator weight, as underground cavities or soft fill create rollover risks. Install timber mats beneath tracks if ground appears soft or unstable. Clear accumulated mulch from tracks regularly maintaining full track contact with ground. Reassess stability after rain events as saturated soil significantly reduces bearing capacity. Never operate on slopes exceeding manufacturer specifications regardless of production demands.

What maintenance is required for tree felling attachments to operate safely?

Tree felling attachments require rigorous maintenance due to extreme operational forces and harsh working conditions. Implement daily pre-start inspections checking all hydraulic hoses for leaks, abrasion, bulging, or deterioration. Inspect cutting components including shear blades for wear, cracks, or damage affecting cutting performance and potentially causing equipment failure during operation. For mulching heads, check carbide teeth for excessive wear or loss, as worn teeth increase power requirements and create imbalanced forces. Verify all mounting pins, safety devices, and quick-hitch components secure with no excessive wear in pin holes. Check hydraulic cylinders for fluid leaks at rod seals indicating required replacement. Follow manufacturer lubrication schedules ensuring all grease points serviced at specified intervals. Every 250 operating hours conduct comprehensive inspection including hydraulic pressure testing, structural crack inspection using dye penetrant methods, and bolt torque verification on critical fasteners. Maintain detailed service records documenting all maintenance, repairs, and component replacements. Immediately repair any defects affecting safe operation rather than continuing work with compromised equipment. Hydraulic system failures cause violent kickback potentially injuring operators, making hydraulic system integrity critical to safe operations.

Can I fell trees near overhead power lines using mechanical equipment?

Felling trees near overhead power lines creates extreme electrocution risk requiring specialised controls and in many situations prohibition of mechanical felling. Consult relevant electrical safety regulations establishing minimum approach distances for plant and equipment near energised conductors - typically 3-6 metres depending on voltage. Trees potentially contacting power lines during fall must not be felled mechanically without first de-energising the lines, which requires formal arrangements with electricity providers. The excavator boom, felling attachment, and falling tree all conduct electricity if they contact energised lines, creating fatal electrocution risk for operators and ground crew. Even trees not directly contacting lines pose hazards if branches whip toward conductors during felling. Before commencing any tree work near power infrastructure, engage electricity provider requesting line location, voltage information, and assessment of whether de-energisation or line relocation necessary. Never assume lines are de-energised based on visual assessment - always verify with provider and implement lock-out protocols. Consider alternative removal methods including manual sectional dismantling by qualified arborists with electrical safety training. The combination of conductive mechanical equipment, unpredictable tree fall behaviour, and high-voltage electricity creates unacceptable risk requiring engineering controls beyond standard mechanical felling procedures.

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