Comprehensive safety procedures for manual tree removal using chainsaws and controlled falling techniques

Tree Felling - Manual Safe Work Method Statement

WHS Act 2011 Compliant | AS 2727-2008 Chainsaw Safety Certified
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Manual tree felling operations involve the controlled removal of standing trees using chainsaws and traditional falling techniques across construction sites, land clearing projects, vegetation management programmes, and hazard tree removal operations. This Safe Work Method Statement provides comprehensive procedures for qualified operators conducting tree removal including pre-felling assessment of tree condition and surrounding hazards, establishment of exclusion zones and escape routes, selection and application of appropriate cutting techniques including undercuts and backcuts, management of tree lean and fall direction, coordination with ground crew for safe work zone management, and emergency response procedures for hung-up trees and operator injuries. Designed specifically for Australian construction and arboricultural environments and aligned with the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, AS 2727-2008 Chainsaws - Guide to safe working practices, and forestry safety standards, these procedures ensure manual tree felling is completed safely while managing crush injuries, chainsaw lacerations, falling limb strikes, and environmental hazards inherent in tree removal operations.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Manual tree felling represents one of the most hazardous activities in the construction and landscaping sectors, requiring comprehensive understanding of tree biomechanics, precise chainsaw operation, and disciplined application of established felling techniques to control tree fall direction and prevent serious injuries. This traditional tree removal method uses chainsaws to make strategic cuts that direct the tree's fall along a predetermined path, with operators relying on knowledge of wood properties, tree lean, wind conditions, and cutting geometry to achieve safe controlled felling. The work is essential for site clearing before construction commences, removal of hazard trees threatening structures or services, vegetation management for bushfire risk reduction, and land development requiring complete tree removal rather than trimming or pruning. The complexity and hazard profile of manual tree felling varies dramatically based on tree characteristics, site constraints, and environmental conditions. Simple felling scenarios involve isolated trees on level ground with clear fall zones free from obstacles, structures, or overhead services, where operators can apply standard directional felling techniques with confidence that trees will fall in intended directions. Complex felling scenarios involve trees with significant lean in undesired directions, trees entangled with neighbouring vegetation, dead or diseased trees with unpredictable structural integrity, trees near buildings or services requiring precise fall direction control, and trees on steep slopes where operator stability and falling tree dynamics create compounded hazards. Urban and construction site tree felling presents additional challenges from confined work areas limiting fall zones and escape routes, proximity to buildings and infrastructure constraining fall direction options, overhead and underground services requiring service isolation or protection, pedestrian and vehicle traffic requiring extensive exclusion zones, and coordination with other construction activities. Qualified tree fellers must possess deep understanding of tree species characteristics affecting felling behaviour. Hardwood species including eucalypts exhibit different splitting and holding wood properties compared to softwoods, requiring adapted cutting techniques. Trees with decay or internal defects may have compromised structural integrity invisible from external inspection, causing unpredictable failure during cutting. Hollow trees present extreme hazards as structural capacity may be insufficient to withstand cutting forces, resulting in catastrophic collapse during felling operations. Leaning trees require sophisticated techniques including use of wedges, pulling lines, or specialised rigging to counteract natural lean and direct fall to safe zones. Dead standing trees, commonly called snags or widow-makers, are particularly dangerous due to loss of wood strength, concealed decay, and brittle limbs that may detach during cutting vibrations or tree fall impact. Manual tree felling operations follow structured sequences established through decades of forestry practice and incident analysis. Initial assessment identifies tree species, size, lean direction and magnitude, presence of defects or decay, surrounding hazards including structures and services, wind conditions, and ground slope. Operators plan fall direction considering natural lean, available fall zone, escape route availability, and techniques required to achieve desired fall. The cutting sequence begins with clearing escape routes at 45-degree angles from intended fall direction, removing understory vegetation that could impede rapid retreat. A directional notch or undercut is made on the fall side of the tree, creating a wedge-shaped opening that guides fall direction and prevents splitting. The back cut or felling cut is made from the opposite side, leaving a hinge of uncut wood that acts as a living hinge controlling fall direction and speed. As back cut depth approaches hinge wood, tree weight overcomes remaining holding capacity and tree begins falling in notch direction. Operators immediately retreat along planned escape routes, maintaining visual contact with falling tree while moving to safe distance. The physical and mental demands of manual tree felling create additional safety considerations beyond technical cutting skills. Operating chainsaws for extended periods causes whole-body vibration exposure affecting hands, arms, and shoulders, leading to vibration white finger syndrome and musculoskeletal disorders without adequate vibration-isolated tools and regular breaks. Chainsaw noise exposure significantly exceeds safe levels, causing permanent hearing damage without consistent hearing protection use. The concentration required to maintain safe chainsaw control, assess tree behaviour during cutting, and respond rapidly to changing conditions causes mental fatigue increasing error risk during long work periods. Physical fatigue from carrying chainsaw and equipment over rough terrain, cutting in awkward postures, and maintaining balance on slopes compromises operator performance and safety awareness. Heat stress during summer months combines with heavy protective clothing requirements to create additional physiological strain requiring hydration management and work-rest cycles.

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Why this SWMS matters

Manual tree felling operations result in numerous serious injuries and fatalities annually across Australia's forestry, arboricultural, and construction sectors, with consequences that are often catastrophic due to the massive forces involved when large trees fall in uncontrolled directions or structural failures occur during cutting. SafeWork Australia data consistently identifies tree work including felling as a high-risk activity with fatality rates significantly exceeding construction industry averages. The most common fatal incident mechanism involves operators being struck by falling trees when fall direction deviates from intended path due to incorrect cutting techniques, misjudged tree lean, unexpected structural failure, or wind gusts during the critical falling phase. Being struck by a multi-tonne falling tree results in immediate death or catastrophic crush injuries from which survival is unlikely. Secondary fatal hazards include operators being struck by falling limbs or tree sections breaking away during the felling process, particularly when cutting dead or diseased trees with compromised structural integrity. The phenomenon known as 'barber chairing' where trees split vertically during back cutting and kick back violently toward the operator has caused numerous fatalities and severe trauma injuries. Operators can be struck by tree butts swinging backward as trees fall, particularly when cutting trees on slopes or with significant back lean. Chainsaw contact causing severe lacerations to legs, arms, or torso occurs when operators lose control of saws, cut in unstable positions, or experience kickback when saw chain contacts hidden objects or binds in cuts. Without proper chainsaw protective clothing, these laceration incidents cause rapid severe blood loss and death if medical assistance is not immediately available. The importance of proper training and competency verification for tree felling operators cannot be overstated, yet many serious incidents involve operators without formal qualifications attempting tree removal based on general chainsaw experience. Manual tree felling requires specific knowledge of cutting techniques, tree biomechanics, and hazard recognition that differs substantially from general chainsaw use for firewood cutting or vegetation clearing. Operators must understand how notch angle and depth affect fall direction, how hinge wood thickness controls fall speed, how tree lean and centre of gravity location influence fall behaviour, and how to recognise signs of internal decay or structural weakness before making irreversible cutting decisions. Without this specialised knowledge, operators make critical errors in fall direction assessment, cutting sequence, or escape route planning that result in serious incidents. Under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, tree felling on construction sites constitutes high-risk construction work requiring documented Safe Work Method Statements before work commences. PCBUs engaging tree felling contractors or employing operators must ensure operators hold appropriate qualifications or demonstrated competency in tree felling techniques, exclusion zones are established preventing access by other workers, overhead power lines are isolated or adequate clearances maintained, and adequate supervision exists particularly for complex felling scenarios. The WHS Regulations mandate that work at heights including tree climbing for rigging or sectional dismantling must only be conducted by personnel with appropriate working at heights training and equipment. These requirements recognise the serious consequences of inadequate safety management in tree work and the specialised skills required for safe tree removal. Tree felling competency standards in Australia have evolved substantially following fatal incidents and increased regulatory focus on arboricultural safety. While no national licensing scheme specifically covers tree felling, various states have implemented competency requirements for commercial tree operations. Vocational qualifications including Certificate III in Arboriculture provide structured training in safe tree work practices including felling techniques, hazard assessment, and emergency procedures. Many jurisdictions require tree fellers to complete units of competency specifically addressing chainsaw operation and tree felling. Insurance requirements increasingly mandate operator qualifications and current competency assessments. Construction projects frequently specify minimum qualification requirements for tree work contractors exceeding regulatory minimums to manage liability exposure. Environmental and third-party risks from tree felling create additional safety and legal considerations beyond operator safety. Uncontrolled tree falls damaging buildings, vehicles, or infrastructure result in substantial financial liability and potential criminal charges if negligence is established. Trees falling across roadways or into active construction areas can strike workers or members of public, creating serious legal consequences. Failure to identify and protect underground services before tree removal can result in service strikes when root plates tear services during fall impact. Damage to retained vegetation from falling trees or ground disturbance during felling operations may breach environmental protection orders or development approval conditions. Native vegetation clearing without appropriate permits violates environmental protection legislation in all Australian jurisdictions, with substantial penalties for unauthorised tree removal. Heritage-listed or significant trees require specific approval processes before removal is legally permissible. From a quality assurance perspective, tree felling operations must satisfy multiple approval and notification requirements before commencing work. Local government tree removal permits are required in most urban areas, with significant penalties for unauthorised removal. Construction projects may have environmental management plans specifying trees to be retained, requiring fencing and protection measures. Electricity distributors must be notified of tree work near overhead power lines with minimum clearances specified in legislation. Neighbouring property owners may require notification particularly when trees are close to property boundaries. Professional indemnity insurance and public liability coverage require verification that operators are appropriately qualified and that systematic risk assessment has occurred. Comprehensive SWMS documentation demonstrates professional approach to tree felling safety and risk management, supporting insurance coverage and regulatory compliance while protecting workers and the public from serious harm.

Reinforce licensing, insurance, and regulator expectations for Tree Felling - Manual Safe Work Method Statement crews before they mobilise.

Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Being Struck by Falling Tree Due to Incorrect Fall Direction

High

The primary fatal hazard in tree felling operations occurs when falling trees deviate from intended fall paths, striking operators who have not retreated to safe distances or who positioned themselves in areas where deviated fall paths intersect. Numerous factors cause trees to fall in unintended directions including incorrect assessment of tree lean, inadequate notch depth or improper angle failing to control fall direction, insufficient or excessive hinge wood thickness, wind gusts during critical falling phase, structural defects causing unexpected failure patterns, hung-up conditions where canopy entanglement redirects fall, and incorrect back cut angle or position. Even experienced operators can misjudge fall direction with trees leaning significantly toward back cut direction, hollow trees lacking structural capacity to support cutting forces, or trees with uneven crown weight distribution creating lateral fall components. The consequences of being struck by falling trees are almost always fatal given the enormous mass and kinetic energy involved. A moderate-sized eucalypt weighing several tonnes falling from 15-20 metres height develops tremendous momentum that crushes anything in its path. Operators caught in fall zones have no realistic survival prospects regardless of protective equipment worn.

Consequence: Immediate death from massive crush injuries, catastrophic trauma causing rapid fatality, severe injuries incompatible with survival, family devastation and workplace trauma

Chainsaw Kickback and Contact Lacerations

High

Chainsaw kickback occurs when the upper quadrant of the guide bar nose (known as the kickback zone) contacts wood, causing violent and instantaneous backward rotation of the saw toward the operator. This sudden uncontrolled movement brings the running chain into contact with the operator's body, typically the head, neck, chest, or upper legs, causing deep lacerations through clothing and into underlying tissue. Modern chainsaws incorporate kickback reduction features including low-kickback chains, chain brakes activated by forward hand pressure, and reduced kickback bar designs, but these do not eliminate kickback occurrence. Operators working in unstable positions, fatigued conditions, or making cuts at awkward angles have reduced capacity to maintain secure chainsaw control. Binding of chainsaw in cuts due to tree movement, improper cutting technique, or pinching from tension wood causes similar loss of control incidents. Chainsaw contact injuries to legs occur during ground-level cutting when operators lose balance, trip over obstacles, or have chain contact during saw starting or transport. The high chain speed (typically 20 metres per second) causes extensive tissue damage in the brief moment before operator reaction removes chainsaw from contact area. Leg lacerations sever femoral or popliteal arteries causing life-threatening blood loss within minutes without immediate intervention. Neck and facial lacerations from kickback incidents are frequently fatal or cause permanent disfigurement.

Consequence: Severe lacerations causing rapid blood loss and death from arterial severance, permanent disfigurement from facial injuries, limb amputation from deep cuts, traumatic psychological impacts

Barber Chair and Tree Splitting During Back Cut

High

Barber chairing is a catastrophic tree failure mechanism where vertical splitting occurs during back cutting, causing the upper portion of tree trunk to kick backwards violently toward the operator while the remainder of the tree falls forward. This phenomenon occurs most commonly when felling trees with significant forward lean, when back cuts are made too high relative to the notch, when insufficient notch depth is made, or when trees have internal tension from lean or wind loading. As the back cut progresses, the weight of the leaning tree creates enormous tensile forces in the standing wood. If these forces exceed the wood's splitting resistance before adequate hinge wood is established, vertical splitting propagates rapidly up the trunk. The split tree portion acts as a massive spring under tension, releasing stored energy instantaneously and driving the butt backwards at high velocity. Operators positioned behind trees during back cutting are struck by these backwards-moving butts with devastating force. The unpredictable nature of barber chair incidents means operators have no warning and no opportunity to react before being struck. Similar splitting can occur with side lean, causing lateral movement of tree sections toward or away from operators. Trees with internal decay or rot have reduced splitting resistance, increasing barber chair risk even when cutting techniques are correct.

Consequence: Immediate death from being struck by backwards-moving tree sections, catastrophic crush injuries to torso and head, severe trauma with minimal survival prospects

Falling Limbs and Widowmakers During Tree Felling

High

Dead branches, damaged limbs, or sections of tree canopy known as widowmakers can detach and fall during chainsaw vibrations, tree fall impact, or when struck by falling adjacent trees. These falling objects travel at high velocity from significant heights, striking operators or ground crew working below. Dead eucalypt trees are particularly notorious for shedding large limbs with little warning, even before cutting commences. Vibrations from chainsaw operation can dislodge precariously attached dead wood that has been suspended in canopy for extended periods. When cut trees fall and impact ground, shock waves through the tree structure dislodge additional dead material. Trees entangled with neighbouring vegetation pull down material from adjacent trees during fall. The hazard is compounded in Australian forests and bushland where eucalypt species naturally shed large branches even when trees are healthy, creating substantial overhead hazard inventory. Operators focusing attention on cutting operations may not maintain adequate awareness of overhead conditions. Hard hats provide limited protection against large falling limbs that can weigh hundreds of kilograms. Ground crew members operating wood chippers, positioning pulling lines, or conducting site clearing within the broader falling zone face elevated exposure to falling limb hazards.

Consequence: Fatal head and spinal injuries from large falling limbs, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord damage causing paralysis, death from being struck by falling objects

Hung-Up Trees and Unsafe Release Attempts

High

Hung-up trees occur when felled trees become supported by adjacent standing trees during fall, leaving them suspended at angles from vertical to nearly horizontal. These situations create extreme hazard as suspended trees have stored energy from their supported weight and can fall unpredictably when support conditions change. Attempts to release hung-up trees by cutting supporting trees, pushing with machinery, pulling with winches, or physical pushing all create significant risk of uncontrolled release. The hung tree may slide backwards down the supporting tree toward operators positioned behind the original cut. Supporting trees may fail under loading, causing sudden collapse of the hung tree. Pulling lines may break under load, releasing stored energy and causing line recoil striking operators. Inexperienced operators may attempt to cut through the hung tree stump to drop it free, positioning themselves directly in the fall path when release occurs. Cold weather, ice accumulation, or changed wind conditions may cause delayed release hours after cutting, striking workers who return to the area believing the situation has stabilised. Industry experience demonstrates hung-up trees account for disproportionate number of tree work fatalities relative to their occurrence frequency, reflecting the extreme hazards and poor decisions made in release attempts.

Consequence: Death from being struck by suddenly released hung trees, injuries from failed pulling line recoil, fatal crush injuries during machinery release attempts

Working Near Overhead Power Lines

High

Tree felling operations near overhead power lines create electrocution risks when falling trees contact energised conductors, when chainsaw bar lengths breach minimum clearance distances, or when tree limbs under tension snap toward power lines during cutting. Electricity can arc through air gaps of several metres when high-voltage lines are contacted, electrocuting workers without direct physical contact. Trees entangled with overhead services may have conductors running through canopy, invisible from ground level. Cutting such trees releases tension on conductors, causing them to whip violently or recoil into contact with workers. Even low-voltage distribution lines (230/400V) can cause fatal electrocution in outdoor environments with earth contact. Trees growing near services create especially hazardous situations as root balls may lift and tear underground services during fall, or may swing into overhead lines if fall direction is misjudged. During dry conditions, falling trees can generate static charges that discharge through operators if trees contact grounded objects. Rural and semi-rural construction sites often have overhead services crossing properties with minimal clearance height. Workers may become complacent about familiar power line locations, failing to reassess clearances for each tree.

Consequence: Electrocution causing immediate cardiac arrest and death, severe electrical burns, arc flash injuries, permanent disability from electric shock trauma

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Comprehensive Tree Assessment and Fall Direction Planning

Elimination

Systematic pre-felling tree assessment and fall direction planning eliminates hazards by identifying trees unsuitable for conventional felling techniques requiring alternative removal methods, and ensures selected fall directions avoid structures, services, personnel, and environmental constraints. This foundational control prevents most felling incidents by matching techniques to tree characteristics and site conditions.

Implementation

1. Conduct visual inspection of tree from all sides identifying species, size, lean direction and magnitude, crown weight distribution, and visible defects 2. Use clinometer or inclinometer to measure tree lean angle, recognising leans exceeding 10-15 degrees require specialised techniques or mechanical assistance 3. Assess tree for internal decay by tapping trunk listening for hollow sounds, examining base for fungal growth, and looking for previous injury sites 4. Identify dead or damaged limbs in canopy that may fall during cutting operations, noting their location relative to planned work positions 5. Determine intended fall direction based on natural lean, available clear fall zone, escape route availability, and wind conditions 6. Measure available fall zone ensuring length exceeds 1.5 times tree height to provide adequate margin for fall direction variance 7. Identify and mark all obstacles in fall zone including structures, services, retained trees, and terrain features that could deflect fall 8. Assess ground slope and its effect on tree fall dynamics, recognising slope falling requires adapted techniques 9. Evaluate wind conditions including speed, direction, and gusting, postponing felling if wind exceeds safe limits for controlled falling 10. Document assessment decisions including intended fall direction, identified hazards, technique selected, and reasons for approach chosen 11. For complex situations including significant lean against desired fall direction, decay, or confined fall zones, engage qualified arborists for sectional dismantling rather than conventional felling

Proper Cutting Technique with Adequate Notch and Hinge Wood

Engineering

Application of correct cutting techniques using properly sized directional notches and appropriate hinge wood dimensions acts as an engineering control by mechanically directing tree fall paths and controlling fall speed. The geometry of cuts directly determines fall behaviour, making technique precision essential for safe controlled felling.

Implementation

1. Clear escape routes at 45-degree angles from intended fall direction before making any cuts, removing obstacles and ensuring clear path to safety 2. Create directional notch (undercut) on fall side of tree, with notch opening facing precise fall direction intended 3. Make notch cuts to achieve minimum depth of one-quarter to one-third tree diameter, ensuring adequate wood removal for fall direction control 4. Ensure notch angle is approximately 45 degrees (acceptable range 30-70 degrees) providing balance between fall control and wood removal 5. Make level bottom cut of notch horizontal or slightly angled upward, followed by angled top cut meeting precisely at notch apex 6. Position back cut (felling cut) on opposite side of tree at height level with or slightly above (25-50mm) the horizontal notch cut 7. Make back cut parallel to notch bottom cut, progressing carefully while maintaining awareness of tree movement indicating onset of falling 8. Leave hinge wood between back cut and notch with thickness approximately 10% of tree diameter (typically 40-80mm for common trees) 9. For trees with side lean, create thicker hinge wood on side of lean to counteract lateral fall tendency 10. Insert plastic or wooden wedges in back cut as it progresses, preventing bar pinching and providing additional directional control 11. Cease cutting immediately when tree begins moving, withdraw chainsaw, and retreat rapidly along planned escape route 12. Never cut through hinge wood completely as this eliminates all fall direction control, creating unpredictable fall paths

Exclusion Zones and Ground Crew Positioning

Administrative

Establishing and enforcing exclusion zones around tree felling operations prevents ground crew, bystanders, and other workers from being struck by falling trees, limbs, or tree sections. This administrative control manages third-party exposure by controlling access to hazard zones during high-risk falling phases.

Implementation

1. Establish primary exclusion zone with radius of at least two tree heights (2 × H) measured from base of tree being felled 2. Mark exclusion zone boundaries using highly visible barrier tape, flagging, or physical barriers preventing inadvertent entry 3. Brief all ground crew and other site workers on exclusion zone boundaries and absolute prohibition on entering during falling operations 4. Position ground crew members at distances exceeding two tree heights, preferably with terrain features or structures providing protection from rolling logs or bouncing debris 5. Assign spotter role to ground crew member maintaining visual contact with tree feller and monitoring for approaching personnel or changed conditions 6. Establish communication protocols between tree feller and ground crew using voice signals, hand signals, or two-way radio for noisy environments 7. Ensure ground crew understands meaning of warning shouts including 'Tree falling!', 'Stand clear!', and 'Watch overhead!' used during operations 8. Position ground crew uphill from felling operations when working on slopes, preventing rolling logs or sliding debris from striking crew 9. Prohibit any personnel from entering exclusion zones until tree feller gives all-clear confirmation that tree has fallen safely and area is secure 10. Expand exclusion zones for larger trees, deteriorated trees, or complex felling scenarios based on elevated risk assessment

Chainsaw Selection, Maintenance and Safe Operating Procedures

Engineering

Using properly maintained chainsaws with functioning safety features including chain brakes, throttle interlock, and low-kickback chains provides engineering controls reducing kickback severity and operator injury consequences. Combined with safe operating procedures, this control prevents most chainsaw contact injuries.

Implementation

1. Select chainsaw size appropriate for tree diameter being cut, with guide bar length 50-75mm longer than tree radius for efficient cutting 2. Verify chain brake functions correctly by testing at start of each work period, ensuring it engages immediately when activated 3. Ensure throttle interlock prevents accidental throttle engagement, requiring deliberate sequential operation to start chain movement 4. Use low-kickback chain designs with depth gauge and tie strap configurations reducing kickback severity 5. Maintain proper chain tension checked before starting work and periodically during operation, preventing loose chain derailment 6. Keep chain sharp with correct file angles and depth gauge settings, reducing cutting force required and kickback tendency 7. Verify all safety guards and handles are present and secured, including front hand guard, chain catcher, and rear handle guard 8. Use two-handed grip at all times during cutting with left hand on front handle and right hand on rear handle providing control 9. Position body and legs to side of chainsaw cutting plane, never directly behind saw where kickback would strike body 10. Avoid cutting with guide bar nose (kickback zone) except when making bore cuts using specific techniques to prevent contact 11. Maintain secure footing and stable body position during all cuts, never cutting above shoulder height or in awkward reaching positions 12. Shut down chainsaw immediately if unusual vibration, noise, or loss of power indicates mechanical problems requiring inspection

Hung-Up Tree Management and Safe Release Procedures

Administrative

Implementing strict protocols for managing hung-up tree situations prevents fatal incidents from unsafe release attempts. This administrative control requires use of mechanical release methods from safe positions rather than dangerous manual techniques or cutting of support trees.

Implementation

1. Immediately establish wide exclusion zone around hung-up tree situation with radius of at least three tree heights 2. Prohibit absolutely any personnel from working beneath or in line with potential fall path of hung tree 3. Assess hung tree situation from safe distance identifying support points, lean angle, potential release directions, and stability 4. Never attempt to release hung trees by cutting supporting trees, as this creates compounded hazard with unpredictable outcomes 5. Use winch and pulling line attached to hung tree base from position perpendicular to fall direction, operating from safe distance exceeding two tree heights 6. Ensure winch has adequate capacity for tree weight and pulling line is rated for expected loads with safety factor of at least 2:1 7. When using machinery (excavator, tractor, or similar) for hung tree release, ensure operator is protected in ROPS-equipped cabin 8. Approach hung tree only with machinery, never on foot, maintaining maximum practical stand-off distance during release attempts 9. If safe release cannot be achieved with available equipment and techniques, engage specialist arborists with climbing and rigging capabilities 10. Consider leaving hung trees in place if release risk exceeds acceptable limits, marking with high-visibility tape and warning signs 11. For hung trees in frequently accessed areas, engage professional tree services with appropriate equipment rather than attempting release with inadequate means 12. Document all hung tree situations including location, assessment, release method used or decision to leave in place, and notification to site management

Overhead Power Line Clearance and Isolation Procedures

Elimination

Identifying overhead power lines before tree work and either maintaining mandated clearance distances or arranging service isolation eliminates electrocution hazards from tree contact with energised conductors. This control removes electrical energy from work areas preventing fatal incidents.

Implementation

1. Identify all overhead power lines on site during initial site assessment before any tree work commences 2. Determine power line voltage by contacting electricity distributor or observing pole markings and insulator configurations 3. Establish minimum approach distances based on voltage: 3 metres for distribution lines up to 66kV, 6 metres for higher voltages 4. Mark exclusion zones on ground using highly visible marking preventing felling operations within minimum clearance distances 5. For trees within or potentially falling within minimum clearances, contact electricity distributor to arrange temporary service isolation 6. Obtain written confirmation of isolation including time period, specific lines isolated, and re-energisation procedures before commencing work 7. Verify isolation by visual inspection confirming isolation points are open and locked, though never assume lines are dead without distributor confirmation 8. If isolation cannot be arranged, engage qualified line clearance tree workers with specific training for work near energised conductors 9. Establish exclusion zones preventing any personnel approaching within minimum clearances during tree falling operations 10. Assign spotter to monitor overhead clearances continuously during falling operations, with authority to stop work if clearances are compromised 11. Brief all operators on emergency procedures if tree contact with power lines occurs, including remaining clear and contacting emergency services 12. Document power line assessments including voltage, clearance measurements, isolation arrangements, and approved work methods

Tree Felling Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment

Comprehensive personal protective equipment specific to tree felling and chainsaw operation provides final barrier protection including cut-resistant clothing preventing chainsaw lacerations, helmet systems protecting head and face, and high-visibility clothing ensuring operator visibility. PPE selection must address chainsaw, falling debris, and environmental hazards.

Implementation

1. Wear chainsaw protective trousers or chaps with multi-layer cut-resistant material meeting Class 1 protection (20 m/s chain speed) 2. Use safety helmet meeting forestry standards with integrated visor or mesh face shield and ear muffs providing hearing protection 3. Ensure helmet has adequate ventilation for hot conditions whilst maintaining structural protection from falling objects 4. Wear safety boots with steel toe caps, chainsaw cut-resistant uppers, and slip-resistant soles suitable for rough terrain 5. Use close-fitting long-sleeved shirt and gloves protecting from abrasion, cuts, and environmental exposure whilst avoiding loose clothing that could catch in machinery 6. Wear high-visibility vest or shirt ensuring operator visibility to ground crew, machinery operators, and other site workers 7. Use eye protection in addition to helmet visor when working in dusty conditions or when additional impact protection is required 8. Ensure all PPE is correctly fitted and worn properly; chainsaw protective clothing must be in direct contact with skin or over thin clothing to function effectively 9. Inspect chainsaw protective clothing before each use for cuts, abrasion, or wear compromising protective layers, replacing damaged items immediately 10. Prohibit use of chainsaw without full complement of required PPE; even brief cutting tasks require complete protection

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Personal protective equipment

Requirement: Class 1 chainsaw protective legwear with multi-layer cut-resistant material effective for chain speeds of 20 m/s, covering legs from waist to boots

When: Required for all chainsaw operations including felling, limbing, bucking, and general chainsaw use

Requirement: Forestry helmet with integrated mesh face shield or visor and attached ear muffs providing minimum 25dB noise reduction

When: Required for all tree felling operations protecting from falling debris, chainsaw contact, and excessive noise exposure

Requirement: Safety boots with steel toe caps, chainsaw cut-resistant uppers, ankle support, and slip-resistant soles rated for forestry work

When: Required during all tree work operations providing foot protection and cut resistance to upper foot and lower leg areas

Requirement: Class D day/night high visibility shirt or vest with fluorescent and retroreflective materials ensuring visibility in varied lighting

When: Required for all tree work on construction sites and areas with mobile plant or vehicle traffic

Requirement: Cut-resistant gloves with back-of-hand cut protection, maintaining finger dexterity for safe chainsaw control

When: Required during all chainsaw operations providing hand protection whilst maintaining adequate grip and control

Requirement: Safety glasses with side shields or goggles providing impact resistance for additional eye protection beyond helmet visor

When: Recommended in dusty conditions or when additional impact protection is required beyond helmet visor capabilities

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

  • ✓Conduct comprehensive site walk-through identifying all trees requiring removal, overhead services, underground services, and site constraints
  • ✓Assess each tree individually noting species, size, lean direction, visible defects, dead limbs, and surrounding hazards
  • ✓Identify and mark fall directions for all trees, ensuring adequate fall zones free from obstacles and acceptable escape routes exist
  • ✓Obtain and review Dial Before You Dig service location information, marking underground service locations on site
  • ✓Identify overhead power lines measuring clearance distances and arranging isolation where trees fall within minimum clearances
  • ✓Inspect chainsaw before each use checking chain tension, oil levels, fuel level, chain sharpness, and operation of all safety features
  • ✓Test chain brake function by running chainsaw at idle and engaging brake, verifying immediate chain stop
  • ✓Check throttle interlock operation ensuring throttle cannot be engaged without deliberate sequential trigger operation
  • ✓Verify all required PPE is available and in serviceable condition including chainsaw protective clothing, helmet, and boots
  • ✓Confirm first aid kit, communication equipment, and emergency contact information are readily accessible
  • ✓Brief all personnel on work plan including trees to be felled, fall directions, exclusion zones, and communication signals
  • ✓Verify weather conditions are suitable for safe tree felling with wind speeds below maximum safe limits and no storm activity approaching

During work

  • ✓Maintain constant awareness of wind conditions, ceasing operations if wind speed increases beyond safe limits or becomes gusty
  • ✓Monitor tree behaviour during cutting for signs of unexpected movement, unusual sounds, or splitting indicating potential failure
  • ✓Watch for widowmakers and dead limbs in tree canopy that may be dislodged by cutting vibrations or tree fall impact
  • ✓Ensure ground crew maintains positions outside exclusion zones at all times during falling operations
  • ✓Verify escape routes remain clear of obstacles and vegetation growth that could impede rapid retreat when tree begins falling
  • ✓Assess each tree immediately before cutting for changed conditions since initial assessment including new wind direction or visible defects
  • ✓Monitor chainsaw operation for unusual vibration, reduced power, or changed sounds indicating mechanical problems requiring inspection
  • ✓Maintain proper cutting techniques with correct notch depth, back cut height, and hinge wood dimensions for each tree
  • ✓Retreat immediately along planned escape route when tree begins falling, maintaining visual contact with fall path while moving to safety
  • ✓Establish hung-up tree exclusion zones immediately if trees become hung-up, prohibiting access until safe release is completed

After work

  • ✓Conduct post-felling area inspection ensuring all intended trees have fallen safely and no hung-up situations exist requiring resolution
  • ✓Inspect felled trees for tension in limbs or tree sections under load that could cause unexpected movement during limbing operations
  • ✓Check fallen trees have not damaged structures, services, or retained vegetation requiring immediate remedial action or notification
  • ✓Verify no overhead hazards remain from partially cut limbs, damaged trees, or dislodged dead wood requiring removal before area access
  • ✓Inspect chainsaw after operations checking for damage, loose components, or wear requiring maintenance before next use
  • ✓Clean sawdust and debris from chainsaw cooling fins, guide bar groove, and sprocket preventing overheating and premature wear
  • ✓Inspect chainsaw protective clothing for cuts or damage to protective layers, replacing any items showing compromise of protection
  • ✓Document work completed including number and location of trees felled, any incidents or near-misses, and equipment defects identified
  • ✓Remove exclusion zone markers and restore site access for other activities if no ongoing tree work is planned
  • ✓Secure chainsaws with fuel drained and stored in locked area preventing unauthorised use
  • ✓Communicate completion to site management including any hazards remaining, hung-up trees requiring specialist resolution, or service damage requiring urgent attention

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready
1

Site Assessment and Tree Selection

Before commencing any tree felling operations, conduct comprehensive site assessment examining all trees requiring removal and identifying hazards, constraints, and planning requirements. Walk entire site boundary and interior identifying all trees within work scope, using diameter tape to measure diameter at breast height (DBH) for each tree and recording measurements for planning purposes. Photograph each tree from multiple angles providing documentation of pre-existing condition and surrounding features. Identify tree species through leaf, bark, and growth pattern characteristics, recognising that species affects wood properties and appropriate felling techniques. Note any trees with obvious defects including cavities, fungal growth, split trunks, leaning trunks, or extensive dead wood in canopy. Mark trees with numbered tags or paint marks correlating to site plan or spreadsheet documenting tree assessment details. Identify all overhead power lines, telecommunications cables, and other aerial services that could be contacted by falling trees. Obtain Dial Before You Dig service location plans and mark underground service locations on ground surface with paint or flagging. Note any environmental constraints including waterways, protected vegetation, erosion-prone slopes, or habitat trees requiring retention. Assess accessibility for equipment including chainsaw carrying routes, escape path availability, and log removal access. Document findings in written assessment report including photographs, measurements, identified hazards, and recommended approach for each tree.

Safety considerations

Trees with significant defects may be unsuitable for conventional felling requiring specialist arborist assessment. Underground services may not be accurately located on plans requiring careful inspection for surface markers. Heritage or protected trees require regulatory approvals before removal; unauthorised removal incurs substantial penalties.

2

Establish Exclusion Zones and Site Controls

Based on site assessment findings, establish exclusion zones and access controls preventing unauthorised entry to tree felling areas. Calculate required exclusion zone radius as minimum two times the height of tallest tree being felled (2 × H measurement). Mark exclusion zone boundaries using highly visible barrier tape in bright colours, ensuring complete perimeter is marked even when terrain makes continuous fencing impractical. Install warning signs at all entry points stating 'DANGER - TREE FELLING OPERATIONS IN PROGRESS - AUTHORISED PERSONNEL ONLY'. For sites with public access or multiple trades, install physical barriers such as fencing panels or star pickets with multiple tape runs preventing casual entry. Designate access control points where workers entering the area must sign in and receive safety briefing. Establish communication protocols with site management ensuring all other trades are notified of felling operations timing and restricted access periods. Coordinate with traffic management personnel if trees are adjacent to active roadways, potentially requiring temporary road closure or traffic control during falling operations. Identify assembly points outside exclusion zones where ground crew will be positioned during falling operations. Mark escape routes from each tree using flagging tape or paint marks, ensuring at least two routes exist at approximately 45-degree angles from intended fall direction. Communicate exclusion zone extent and duration to all site workers, neighbouring properties if trees are near boundaries, and relevant authorities if public land or roadways are affected.

Safety considerations

Exclusion zones must be enforced strictly; even brief entry by unauthorised persons during falling operations creates life-threatening hazard exposure. Children and animals are particularly at risk around tree work sites; additional fencing may be required in residential areas. Communication failures between tree crews and other trades are common incident contributors.

3

Chainsaw Preparation and Pre-Start Inspection

Prepare chainsaws and conduct thorough pre-start inspections before beginning felling operations. Fill fuel tank with correctly mixed two-stroke fuel if using petrol chainsaw, ensuring fuel mixture ratio matches manufacturer specifications (typically 50:1 or 40:1 depending on model). Fill chain oil reservoir with appropriate bar and chain oil, verifying oil pump operates correctly by running saw briefly and observing oil spray from bar tip. Inspect guide bar for wear, damage, or bent conditions requiring replacement. Check bar groove depth and clean accumulated debris from groove preventing proper chain operation. Inspect chain for damaged or missing teeth, worn depth gauges, and proper sharpness. Test chain tension by lifting chain at mid-point of bar; correct tension allows chain to lift approximately 5mm from bar with some resistance when pulled. Check all bolts securing bar, clutch cover, and other components are properly tightened. Test throttle operation ensuring smooth engagement and return to idle when trigger is released. Test throttle interlock ensuring it prevents throttle engagement unless properly actuated. Test chain brake by running chainsaw at idle speed and pushing front hand guard forward, verifying immediate chain stop. Inspect all handles and guards ensuring secure attachment and no cracks or damage. Check vibration isolation mounts between engine and handles are intact and functional. Start chainsaw following manufacturer's procedure, allowing engine to warm to normal operating temperature. Listen for unusual sounds including excessive vibration, rattling, or changes in engine tone indicating mechanical problems. Test chain brake under power by briefly applying throttle and engaging brake, verifying immediate chain stop and engine drop to idle.

Safety considerations

Never operate chainsaw with damaged or missing safety features; even brief use without functional chain brake dramatically increases injury risk from kickback incidents. Dull chains require excessive pressure increasing operator fatigue and kickback tendency. Improper fuel mixtures cause engine damage and potential failure during critical cutting operations.

4

Tree-Specific Assessment and Fall Planning

Before cutting each individual tree, conduct detailed assessment and fall planning specific to that tree's characteristics and conditions. Stand back from tree at distance equal to tree height, observing overall tree form, crown weight distribution, and lean direction. Use clinometer or inclinometer to measure lean angle accurately, recognising that visual assessment typically underestimates actual lean by 50% or more. Assess crown weight distribution by observing branch concentration on different sides of tree, recognising that heavy crown weight on one side creates significant lateral fall tendency even when trunk appears vertical. Walk around entire tree observing from all cardinal directions to identify lean components and features not visible from single viewpoint. Examine tree base for root damage, decay, soil cracks indicating root failure, or previous cutting that compromised structural integrity. Tap tree trunk with hammer or axe, listening for hollow sounds indicating internal decay; solid wood produces sharp tapping sound whilst decayed wood sounds dull and hollow. Identify any fresh injuries, split bark, or recent damage that may affect structural behaviour during cutting. Look up through canopy identifying dead branches, damaged limbs, or crown die-back indicating overall tree health issues. Note wind direction and speed, recognising that winds exceeding 20 km/h create unsafe conditions for controlled felling. Assess ground surface in intended fall zone for slope, obstacles, unstable areas that could affect log behaviour after falling. Determine intended fall direction considering natural lean, crown weight, wind direction, available clear fall zone, and escape route locations. Identify specific cutting technique required: standard directional felling for straightforward situations, heavy lean compensation techniques for significant lean, or alternative methods for complex situations. Communicate fall direction plan to ground crew, ensuring they understand intended fall path and will position themselves appropriately.

Safety considerations

Never assume trees are structurally sound internally; hidden decay causes many fatal incidents when trees fail unexpectedly during cutting. Wind conditions change rapidly; continuous monitoring is essential and operations must cease if wind exceeds safe limits. Ground crew must clearly understand fall direction to position safely; miscommunication causes struck-by fatalities.

5

Escape Route Preparation

Establish clear escape routes before making any cuts, providing safe rapid retreat paths when tree begins falling. Identify two escape routes located at approximately 45-degree angles from intended fall direction on opposite sides, positioned away from rear of tree where splitting or backward movement may occur. Walk each escape route removing obstacles including branches, vegetation, rocks, equipment, and any items that could trip or impede rapid movement. Ensure escape routes extend minimum 5 metres from tree base, preferably further for large trees providing adequate safety margin. Test footing along escape routes identifying slippery areas, unstable ground, or trip hazards requiring attention before cutting commences. Clear sight lines along escape routes allowing visual contact with falling tree during retreat. Mark escape route paths with flagging tape or paint if routes are not obviously clear, particularly in dense vegetation. Ensure escape routes proceed slightly uphill or level rather than downhill where slipping could occur during rapid retreat. Position felling wedges, tools, and equipment along escape routes where they can be retrieved during retreat rather than left in positions where they become tripping hazards. Brief ground crew on planned escape routes so they can monitor operator retreat and provide assistance if needed. Practice escape movement along routes before cutting, ensuring confident rapid movement is possible while maintaining visual contact with tree crown. Consider escape route modifications if initial routes present safety concerns or are obstructed by immovable obstacles.

Safety considerations

Inadequate escape routes cause many struck-by fatalities when operators trip, fall, or hesitate during retreat from falling trees. Escape routes directly behind trees intersect barber chair kick-back zones; angular routes are essential. Carrying chainsaw during retreat is awkward and hazardous; plan to drop saw at safe location if rapid escape is required.

6

Execute Directional Notch (Undercut)

Create directional notch on fall side of tree using precise cutting technique to establish fall direction control. Position yourself with secure footing and stable stance on side of tree providing best access to planned notch location. Make horizontal bottom cut of notch at comfortable working height (typically waist to chest height), cutting perpendicular to tree face in direction tree is intended to fall. Control cutting depth carefully, progressing to depth of approximately one-quarter to one-third of tree diameter (typically 150-250mm for medium trees). Ensure bottom cut is perfectly horizontal or angled very slightly upward, providing solid bearing surface for tree weight during fall. Complete bottom cut cleanly without overcutting past intended depth line. Make angled top cut approximately 45 degrees downward from point above bottom cut, aiming to meet bottom cut precisely at interior apex of notch. Begin top cut carefully ensuring correct angle alignment before proceeding deeply into wood. Progress top cut until it meets bottom cut exactly, creating clean wedge-shaped notch opening. Remove wedge-shaped notch piece, examining cut surfaces to verify clean apex meeting and adequate depth. If top and bottom cuts do not meet precisely leaving a shoulder or step, make corrective cuts establishing clean apex. Verify notch depth meets minimum one-quarter diameter requirement by measuring from apex to bark on opposite side. Check notch opening faces precisely in intended fall direction by sighting through notch opening to distant reference point in fall path. Make corrective cuts if notch alignment is not precise; even slight misalignment causes significant fall direction error. For very large trees, make notch cuts in sections progressing from outside towards interior rather than attempting to cut full depth in single pass.

Safety considerations

Inadequate notch depth eliminates fall direction control; never proceed with back cut if notch is less than one-quarter diameter. Notch misalignment of even 5-10 degrees causes fall direction errors that can intersect escape routes or structures. Cutting too deeply past intended apex weakens hinge wood unpredictably.

7

Execute Back Cut and Tree Falling

Make back cut (felling cut) from opposite side of tree at height level with or slightly above horizontal notch cut to release tree along intended fall path. Position yourself with escape route clearly identified and path to retreat mentally rehearsed. Check ground crew are positioned outside exclusion zone and attentive to falling operation. Make back cut horizontal and parallel to notch bottom cut, beginning cut at side of tree and progressing carefully toward centre. Cut to depth leaving appropriate hinge wood thickness (typically 40-80mm for common trees, approximately 10% of diameter). As back cut progresses, insert plastic felling wedges in cut behind chainsaw bar, preventing bar pinching if tree begins settling. Drive wedges progressively deeper using hammer or axe head, providing additional push in fall direction and preventing tree sitting back on bar. Monitor tree for signs of movement including slight leaning, crown movement, or creaking sounds indicating falling is beginning. Never cut completely through hinge wood; stop back cut leaving adequate hinge connecting notch and back cut. If tree does not begin falling when adequate back cut depth is reached, drive wedges more deeply or insert additional wedges rather than cutting more hinge wood. When tree begins moving, immediately withdraw chainsaw from cut, disengage chain brake if engaged, and begin controlled retreat along planned escape route. Retreat while maintaining visual contact with falling tree, watching for unexpected fall direction changes or overhead debris. Continue retreat to safety distance outside exclusion zone, moving at pace allowing controlled movement over uneven ground. Once tree impacts ground and comes to rest, observe for secondary movements including rolling logs, bouncing debris, or settling material before approaching. Give all-clear signal to ground crew only after confirming tree has fallen completely and no hazards remain from the falling operation.

Safety considerations

Cutting through hinge wood eliminates all fall control resulting in unpredictable fall; preserve hinge integrity absolutely. Never turn back on falling tree to run; maintain visual contact to respond to unexpected fall directions. Tree may stand momentarily after back cut is complete before falling; patience is essential rather than additional cutting.

8

Manage Hung-Up Tree Situations

If tree becomes hung-up in supporting trees during fall rather than reaching ground, immediately cease all work and establish enhanced exclusion zone. Do not approach hung tree or attempt to climb supporting trees. Establish exclusion zone with radius of at least three tree heights around hung tree situation. Mark exclusion clearly and position warning signs alerting other workers. Assess hung tree from safe distance using binoculars if necessary, identifying support points, lean angle, stability, and potential release directions. Never cut supporting trees attempting to release hung tree; this creates compounded unpredictable hazards. Evaluate options for safe release including winching from safe distance, machinery push or pull from ROPS-protected equipment, or specialist arborist sectional dismantling. If winching approach is selected, attach pulling line to hung tree base using long pole or thrown weighted line, maintaining safe distance throughout attachment. Position winch at distance exceeding two tree heights perpendicular to intended pull direction. Ensure winch capacity and line rating exceed estimated tree weight with adequate safety factor. Operate winch from safe position with clear retreat path, applying tension gradually while monitoring tree response. If machinery approach is used, ensure operator is protected by ROPS-equipped cabin and approaches from safe angle minimising exposure. If safe release cannot be achieved with available equipment, engage professional tree services rather than attempting unsafe techniques. Consider leaving hung tree in place if release risk exceeds acceptable limits, marking clearly and restricting access until professional services can address situation. Document hung tree situations with photographs, location details, assessment, and actions taken or decisions to leave in place.

Safety considerations

Attempting to cut down supporting trees causes many hung-up tree fatalities; this technique must never be used. Working beneath hung trees is absolutely prohibited; stored energy release timing is unpredictable. Pulling lines can break under load; operators must be positioned where line recoil cannot strike them.

9

Limbing and Bucking Fallen Trees

After trees have fallen and situation is stable, proceed with limbing (removing branches) and bucking (cutting logs to length) operations. Approach fallen tree carefully observing for tension in limbs that may spring when cut, binding in trunk sections, or unstable positioning that could cause rolling. Stand on uphill side of logs on slopes preventing rolling logs from striking you if they move during cutting. Identify compression (squeezed) and tension (stretched) wood in bent limbs or sections by observing deformation and bark patterns. Cut tension wood carefully using bore cuts or relief cuts preventing violent springing when tensioned fibres are released. Work methodically from butt of tree toward top, removing limbs progressively and maintaining clear working area. When cutting limbs, position yourself opposite side of trunk from limb being cut, using trunk as barrier against limb movement. Make limbing cuts close to trunk but not flush-cutting into trunk wood, leaving small stubs preventing chainsaw contact with ground. Watch for buried limbs under log that could cause kickback when contacted. When bucking logs to length, assess each cut for binding potential by observing log support points and sag direction. Make compression cuts (cutting from top) when log is supported at ends and sagging in middle, preventing bar pinching. Make tension cuts (cutting from bottom) when log is supported in middle and ends are elevated, preventing top wood from closing on bar. Use plastic wedges in bucking cuts when binding potential exists, driving wedges as cut progresses to keep kerf open. Maintain secure footing and stable body position for all cuts, particularly when working on slopes or uneven ground. Clear cut sawdust and chips from work area periodically preventing slipping hazards. Take regular breaks from continuous sawing preventing fatigue that compromises safety awareness and cutting precision.

Safety considerations

Limbs under tension can spring violently when cut causing serious impact injuries or throwing operators onto running chainsaws. Working downhill from logs creates severe hazard if logs roll during cutting. Cutting buried limbs brings chainsaw into contact with rocks and soil causing rapid dulling and potential kickback from hidden objects.

10

Post-Operation Site Cleanup and Completion

Complete tree felling operations with thorough site cleanup and documentation ensuring site is safe for subsequent activities. Inspect entire work area confirming all intended trees have been felled, removed, or identified for follow-up work. Check for any hung-up trees or partially cut trees requiring completion or specialist attention. Remove all temporary markers, flagging, and exclusion zone barriers if no ongoing tree work is planned. Inspect retained trees for damage from falling trees including broken branches, bark damage, or root disturbance requiring remedial treatment or removal. Walk all previous exclusion zones checking for dropped tools, equipment, or materials requiring retrieval. Verify no underground services have been damaged by falling trees or root plate movement, conducting visual inspection of service markers and surrounding ground. Inspect fallen logs for valuable timber if salvage is planned, or arrange disposal through chipping, mulching, or waste removal as specified. Update site plan or documentation showing completed work including trees removed, trees retained, and any issues encountered requiring attention. Clean chainsaws thoroughly removing sawdust, checking chain tension, oil levels, and general condition. Inspect all PPE for damage particularly chainsaw protective clothing where cuts indicate contact occurred requiring replacement. Document daily work in log book including trees felled, equipment used, personnel involved, hours worked, and any incidents or near-misses. Report any safety concerns, equipment defects, or site hazards identified during work to site management. Photograph completed areas for documentation and comparison with pre-work condition if disputes may arise. Communicate completion to site management including any remaining hazards, recommended follow-up work, or areas requiring restoration. Secure all equipment and tools in locked storage preventing unauthorised access or theft.

Safety considerations

Partially cut trees left overnight are extreme hazards requiring clear marking and exclusion; they may fail unexpectedly from wind loading or further decay. Damaged retained trees may have compromised stability requiring professional arborist assessment rather than assuming they are safe. Service damage may not be immediately apparent; thorough inspection prevents later incidents when services are re-energised or pressurised.

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Frequently asked questions

What qualifications or training do I need to conduct manual tree felling operations?

Manual tree felling requires specific training and competency beyond general chainsaw operation skills, though formal licensing requirements vary between jurisdictions and work contexts. Industry best practice recommends completion of relevant units of competency from Certificate III in Arboriculture (AHC31916) or equivalent qualification specifically addressing tree felling techniques, hazard assessment, and emergency procedures. Key competency units include AHCMOM213 (Operate and maintain chainsaws) and AHCPCM305 (Fell trees manually - basic). Workers conducting complex felling operations including trees with significant defects, urban tree work, or work near services should hold higher-level qualifications and demonstrate extensive supervised experience. All chainsaw operators must understand manufacturer's operating instructions, maintenance requirements, and safety feature functions. Training should cover cutting technique theory including notch geometry, hinge wood dimensions, escape route planning, and hung-up tree management. Practical assessment should verify operators can safely fell trees of various sizes and lean angles using appropriate techniques. Refresher training should occur annually or following any incidents to address skill gaps and reinforce safe practices. Construction sites may mandate specific qualification levels exceeding general requirements; verify project-specific requirements before commencing work. Workers under 18 years face additional restrictions on chainsaw use and tree work in most jurisdictions. Maintain records of training completion, competency assessment outcomes, and any formal qualifications held as evidence of systematic skill development.

How do I determine the correct hinge wood thickness when making the back cut?

Hinge wood thickness is critical for controlling tree fall direction and speed, with general guidelines suggesting hinge thickness of approximately 10% of tree diameter measured at cutting height. For a tree with 500mm diameter, appropriate hinge thickness would be approximately 40-50mm. For trees with 800mm diameter, hinge thickness should be approximately 60-80mm. However, these are general starting points requiring adjustment based on specific tree characteristics and conditions. Trees with side lean require thicker hinge wood on the side of lean to resist lateral fall tendency, potentially 150-200% of normal thickness on that side. Very tall slender trees may benefit from slightly thicker hinges providing more gradual controlled fall. Trees with significant forward lean in desired direction may use slightly thinner hinges as natural lean provides primary fall force. Dead or diseased trees with reduced wood strength require thicker hinges compensating for compromised holding capacity. The critical principle is maintaining enough uncut wood between notch and back cut to act as a flexible hinge controlling fall, whilst not leaving so much wood that tree hangs rather than falling. As back cut progresses toward planned hinge depth, observe tree carefully for signs of movement including slight leaning, crown movement, or creaking sounds indicating falling is beginning. If tree does not begin falling when expected hinge thickness is reached, use felling wedges driven into back cut to provide additional push rather than cutting more hinge wood. Never cut completely through hinge wood as this eliminates all fall direction control. For complex trees or uncertain situations, consult experienced arborists or forestry professionals rather than experimenting with techniques that could result in uncontrolled falls.

What should I do if the tree starts falling in an unintended direction?

If a tree begins falling in direction significantly different from intended fall path, immediate priority is personal safety through rapid retreat to safe location. Do not attempt to correct fall direction once tree movement begins; tree mass and momentum make any intervention futile and deadly. Immediately withdraw chainsaw from cut if it is still engaged in tree, allowing chainsaw to drop to ground if necessary to enable rapid unencumbered retreat. Move quickly but in controlled manner along pre-planned escape route positioned at 45-degree angle from intended fall direction. While retreating, maintain visual awareness of falling tree allowing response to changing fall path if necessary. Continue retreat to distance exceeding two tree heights from base, preferably with terrain features or structures providing protection. Shout loudly 'TREE!' or 'STAND CLEAR!' alerting ground crew and other workers to unexpected fall direction. Ground crew members should also retreat to safe positions rather than watching fall, as unexpected direction suggests serious fall control failure. Once tree impacts ground, remain at safe distance observing for secondary movements including rolling logs, bouncing debris, or breakage from impact before approaching. After situation is safe, assess what caused directional failure to identify preventable factors. Common causes include incorrect lean assessment, inadequate notch depth providing insufficient direction control, asymmetric hinge wood thickness, wind gusts during critical falling phase, internal decay causing unexpected structural failure, or cutting through hinge wood eliminating control. Document near-miss incident including photographs, description of what occurred, and contributing factors identified. Review cutting technique and assessment procedures to prevent recurrence. For future operations, increase caution with similar trees, potentially engaging specialist arborists for complex situations rather than attempting conventional felling.

What are the minimum clearance distances required from overhead power lines when felling trees?

Minimum approach distances to overhead power lines are mandated by state electrical safety regulations and vary based on voltage levels. For standard low-voltage distribution lines (up to 1000V commonly found in residential areas), minimum approach distance is typically 3 metres from any part of tree, equipment, or workers to nearest conductor. For high-voltage distribution lines (1000V to 66kV), minimum distance increases to 3-6 metres depending on specific voltage. For transmission lines above 66kV, minimum distances are 6 metres or more. These distances apply to closest approach of any part of falling tree, chainsaw bar, or workers at any point during operations. When trees are located within or may fall within minimum clearance distances, conventional felling must not proceed without specific controls. Options include arranging temporary power line de-energisation by contacting electricity distributor and obtaining written confirmation of isolation timeframes, engaging qualified line-clearance tree workers who hold specific training for work near energised conductors and use specialised techniques and equipment, or using alternative removal methods such as crane-assisted sectional dismantling that maintains clearances throughout work. Trees growing directly beneath or entangled with power lines require specialist assessment; never attempt cutting such trees without electricity authority involvement. Even if trees appear to maintain clearances when standing, they may swing into contact during falling or limbs may whip into conductors when tension is released. Electricity distributors typically provide free assessment services and can advise on safe work methods or arrange temporary isolation. If accidental power line contact occurs during tree work, do not approach tree or attempt to move it away from conductors. Call electricity authority emergency number immediately and keep all personnel at least 10 metres away until authorised personnel confirm situation is safe. Never assume lines are de-energised even if they appear dead; lines can be re-energised remotely without warning.

What emergency first aid should be provided for serious chainsaw injuries while awaiting paramedic arrival?

Serious chainsaw injuries typically involve severe lacerations with major bleeding requiring immediate first aid intervention while emergency services are contacted and travel to site. For major bleeding from leg, arm, or body lacerations, immediately apply direct pressure over wound using clean cloth, gauze, or even clothing if nothing else is available. Maintain firm continuous pressure for at least 10 minutes without lifting dressing to check bleeding, as removing pressure disrupts clot formation. If blood soaks through initial dressing, apply additional layers on top rather than removing saturated dressings. For limb injuries, position injured limb elevated above heart level if possible to reduce blood flow to area. If bleeding continues despite direct pressure, consider applying pressure to pressure points between wound and heart where arteries can be compressed against bone. For leg injuries, femoral artery pressure point is in groin crease; for arm injuries, brachial artery pressure point is on inside of upper arm. Tourniquets should be last resort for uncontrolled life-threatening bleeding that cannot be managed with direct pressure; if applied, note exact time of application and ensure paramedics are informed immediately. For traumatic amputations, apply pressure to stump to control bleeding and preserve any amputated tissue by wrapping in clean moist cloth and placing in sealed plastic bag on ice (not directly on ice which causes tissue damage). For suspected spinal injuries from being struck by falling trees or limbs, do not move casualty unless immediate life threat exists; maintain head and neck alignment using manual stabilisation until paramedics arrive with proper immobilisation equipment. Call 000 immediately for all serious injuries providing location details, nature of injury, number of casualties, and any hazards emergency services should be aware of. Provide clear directions to site including GPS coordinates if available; tree work often occurs in remote locations where street addresses may not exist. Assign person to meet emergency vehicles at site entrance to guide them to casualty location. Ensure clear access route for ambulance, removing obstacles and coordinating with site traffic if necessary. Continue monitoring casualty's condition including consciousness, breathing, and bleeding control whilst awaiting paramedic arrival. All tree work operations should have personnel with current first aid training and well-stocked first aid kits immediately accessible including major trauma dressings, triangular bandages, and haemostatic agents for arterial bleeding control.

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