Comprehensive SWMS for Low Loader Float Operations and Plant Equipment Transport

Low Loader Safe Work Method Statement

2,000+ Australian Businesses Trust OneClickSWMS

Generate SWMS Now View Sample PDF

No credit card required • Instant access • 100% compliant in every Australian state

5 sec

Creation Time

100%

Compliant

2,000+

Companies

$3.6K

Fines Avoided

Avoid WHS penalties up to $3.6M—issue compliant SWMS to every crew before work starts.

Low loader and float operations involve the transport of heavy construction plant, equipment, and machinery using specialised low-deck trailers designed to carry loads exceeding standard vehicle height and weight restrictions. This SWMS addresses the critical safety requirements for loading and unloading plant equipment, ramp deployment and stowage, load restraint calculations and installation, coordination with escort vehicles for oversized loads, and compliance with Australian heavy vehicle regulations and road transport permits.

Start Generating SWMS See How It Works

Unlimited drafts • Built-in WHS compliance • Works across every Australian state

Overview

What this SWMS covers

Low loader trailers, also known as floats or drop-deck trailers, are specialised heavy transport equipment designed with low deck height to accommodate tall loads while remaining within legal height limits on public roads. These trailers transport construction plant including excavators, bulldozers, graders, cranes, compaction equipment, and other machinery between construction sites, equipment yards, and maintenance facilities. The low deck configuration is achieved through smaller diameter wheels positioned inboard of the trailer deck, with hydraulic ramps at the rear for loading and unloading tracked and wheeled equipment. Load capacities typically range from 20 to 80 tonnes depending on trailer configuration and axle count, with specialized heavy-duty floats capable of carrying loads exceeding 100 tonnes. Low loader operations involve complex coordination between truck drivers, plant operators, site personnel, and traffic management teams. Loading sequences require the plant operator to drive equipment up hydraulically-deployed ramps onto the trailer deck, with the truck driver directing positioning to achieve proper weight distribution and load centre of gravity within legal axle weight limits. Once positioned, the load must be secured using chains, binders, and load restraints meeting National Transport Commission Load Restraint Guide performance standards. For oversize loads exceeding width, length, or height restrictions, permits must be obtained from road authorities, escort vehicles arranged, and specific travel routes and times approved. The driver must understand bridge and overhead clearance restrictions, turning radius requirements for long combinations, and road geometry limitations. Ramp deployment and stowage operations present significant hazards as hydraulic ramps weighing several hundred kilograms must be lowered to ground level for loading, then raised and secured for transport. Ramp angle and ground conditions affect the ability of tracked plant to climb safely onto the deck without losing traction or tipping. Plant equipment being loaded may have compromised braking, steering defects, or other mechanical issues necessitating transport to repair facilities, increasing risks during loading operations. Operators must work at height on trailer decks when positioning equipment and installing load restraints, with fall hazards present particularly in wet or contaminated deck conditions. The combination of heavy plant movement, hydraulic systems, height work, and heavy load restraint installation creates multiple concurrent hazards requiring systematic controls. Australian regulations governing low loader operations include Heavy Vehicle National Law requirements for vehicle roadworthiness and mass limits, Load Restraint Guide specifications for securing loads, oversize and overmass permit conditions issued by state and territory road authorities, Chain of Responsibility obligations for all parties involved in transport task, and workplace health and safety requirements protecting workers during loading, transport, and unloading operations. Documentation must address both on-road transport regulatory requirements and workplace safety compliance, with clear allocation of responsibilities between transport operators, plant owners, site controllers, and workers directly involved in loading activities. The high-consequence nature of load restraint failures, which can result in plant equipment falling from trailers during transport causing multiple fatalities and major property damage, makes rigorous adherence to load securing procedures and verification protocols absolutely critical for safe low loader operations.

Create Custom Low Loader SWMS Download Sample SWMS View All Transport & Warehousing Documents

Fully editable, audit-ready, and aligned to Australian WHS standards.

Why this SWMS matters

Load restraint failures on low loaders transporting heavy plant equipment represent catastrophic hazards with potential for multiple fatalities, major property destruction, and long-term business consequences. When heavy plant becomes dislodged during transport, the multi-tonne load can crush following vehicles, demolish infrastructure, cause multi-vehicle crashes, and create major road closures affecting entire regions. Safe Work Australia and state road authority incident investigations have documented numerous serious incidents involving inadequate load restraint, including excavators sliding from trailers during braking, dozers shifting and causing trailer rollover during cornering, and loads contacting overhead structures due to incorrect height calculations. These incidents result from failures in load calculation, improper restraint installation, inadequate supervision, and pressure to depart sites quickly without proper verification. Under Work Health and Safety Act 2011, persons conducting a business or undertaking have duties to ensure safe loading and unloading of plant equipment, adequate load restraint, and protection of workers from crush hazards, falls from height, and hydraulic system risks during float operations. The Heavy Vehicle National Law imposes additional requirements for load restraint performance standards, vehicle roadworthiness, and compliance with mass and dimension limits. Chain of Responsibility legislation extends legal liability to all parties who have control or influence over transport tasks, including those who load vehicles, determine delivery schedules, or contract transport services. This means construction site personnel directing loading operations, plant hire companies arranging equipment transport, and project managers specifying delivery timeframes all share legal responsibility for ensuring loads are properly secured and vehicles comply with regulatory requirements. Penalties for breaches can exceed $300,000 for individuals and $3 million for corporations, with potential imprisonment for serious violations resulting in fatalities. Implementing comprehensive SWMS for low loader operations ensures systematic risk assessment addressing the specific hazards of each loading task including plant equipment type, weight and dimensions, ground conditions at loading site, ramp angles, and restraint requirements. Documentation establishes clear procedures for calculating load weight distribution, selecting appropriate restraint equipment based on Load Restraint Guide specifications, positioning equipment to achieve legal axle weights, verifying restraint installation before departure, and conducting in-transit inspections particularly after initial vehicle movement. Workers receive clear instruction on exclusion zones during loading operations, height safety requirements when working on trailer decks, communication protocols between plant operators and truck drivers, and emergency procedures if equipment becomes unstable during loading. The complexity of low loader operations, involving multiple parties, varied plant types, different site conditions, and changing regulatory requirements for oversized loads, makes documented procedures essential for consistent safety outcomes. Without proper SWMS, there is increased risk of inadequate load restraint due to incorrect calculations, improper restraint selection, installation errors, or failure to verify security before transport commences. Given the catastrophic potential consequences of load failures and the extensive legal liabilities under overlapping WHS and transport regulations, comprehensive SWMS implementation is fundamental to protecting workers, the public, and business viability in low loader operations.

Reinforce licensing, insurance, and regulator expectations for Low Loader Safe Work Method Statement crews before they mobilise.

Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Plant Equipment Rollover or Sliding During Loading and Unloading

High

Heavy plant equipment can roll over sideways or slide backwards when traversing loading ramps due to excessive ramp angle, loss of traction on contaminated ramps, operator error during ramp climb, or mechanical failure of plant controls. Tracked plant including excavators and dozers are particularly vulnerable when climbing steep ramps if track tension is incorrect, tracks are worn reducing grip, or operator applies excessive throttle causing rear-end lift. Wheeled plant can slide on wet or oily ramp surfaces, especially when equipment braking systems are marginal or defective. Ramp angles exceeding plant manufacturer specifications create instability, while soft ground conditions allowing ramp ends to sink increase effective angle beyond safe limits. During unloading, plant descending ramps can gain momentum if braking is inadequate, potentially running off ramps or colliding with obstacles. Equipment with raised attachments including excavator booms or loader buckets has elevated centre of gravity increasing rollover risk on side slopes or when traversing crowned ramps. Operators unfamiliar with specific plant models may misjudge control responses or underestimate weight distribution effects.

Consequence: Fatal crushing of plant operators if equipment rolls during loading, severe injuries to ground personnel in equipment path, major damage to plant equipment and float trailer, and project delays while incidents are investigated and equipment replaced.

Inadequate Load Restraint Causing Equipment Shift During Transport

High

Improperly secured plant loads can shift, slide, or topple from low loader trailers during acceleration, braking, cornering, or when traversing uneven road surfaces, creating catastrophic consequences for the vehicle, other road users, and infrastructure. Load restraint failures result from incorrect calculation of required restraint capacity based on National Transport Commission formulas, using damaged or inadequate capacity chains and binders, improper attachment angles reducing restraint effectiveness, insufficient number of restraint points for load weight and configuration, failure to account for load centre of gravity and moment effects, and inadequate tensioning of restraints before travel. Vibration during transport can loosen restraints that were adequately tensioned initially. Loads with complex geometry including excavators with extended tracks or equipment with overhanging components require careful restraint point selection to prevent rotation or tipping. Some operators rely on equipment parking brakes rather than proper external restraints, not understanding that brakes are inadequate to resist transport forces. Time pressure at loading sites can lead to abbreviated restraint installation without proper calculation or verification.

Consequence: Catastrophic load release during transport causing multiple fatalities to other road users, major property damage to infrastructure and vehicles, complete destruction of plant equipment, criminal prosecution under Chain of Responsibility legislation, and business closure due to legal and financial consequences.

Falls from Height When Working on Trailer Deck

High

Workers positioning plant equipment, installing load restraints, or conducting deck operations work at heights of 1.5 to 2 metres above ground level on low loader decks, with fall hazards present throughout loading and unloading operations. Falls occur when workers lose balance while installing chains and binders, slip on contaminated deck surfaces including oil, mud, or ice, step backwards while focused on restraint installation without awareness of deck edges, or when climbing onto or off equipment during positioning. Trailer decks may have minimal edge protection or no guardrails, with workers operating close to unprotected edges during normal restraint work. Wet weather compounds slip hazards on steel decks. Workers carrying heavy chains or load binders have reduced mobility and balance. Night loading operations have reduced visibility increasing misjudgment of deck edges and trip hazards. Fatigue during extended loading operations affects coordination and judgment. Some workers are reluctant to use fall protection equipment viewing it as cumbersome or time-consuming, especially for brief tasks they perceive as low risk.

Consequence: Serious injuries from falls onto hard ground including fractures, head trauma, spinal injuries, and potential fatalities from falls onto concrete or rocky surfaces. Permanent disability from spinal cord or traumatic brain injuries sustained in falls.

Hydraulic Ramp Collapse or Uncontrolled Descent

High

Low loader ramps weighing 200-500 kg are raised and lowered using hydraulic ram systems, presenting crush hazard if ramps collapse or descend uncontrollably during deployment or stowage operations. Ramp failures occur due to hydraulic hose or fitting failure releasing system pressure, inadequate maintenance of hydraulic rams causing seal failure, control valve malfunction causing unintended ramp movement, operator error when lowering ramps without controlling descent rate, and structural failure of ramp hinges or support components due to fatigue cracking. Workers can be crushed if positioned beneath or near ramps during descent, particularly when lowering ramps without verifying clear space beneath. Attempting to hold partially deployed ramps while adjusting hydraulic controls places workers in crush zones. Ramps under hydraulic pressure that fail catastrophically can swing violently. Cold weather affects hydraulic fluid viscosity reducing system response and control. Lack of ramp support chains or mechanical locks means system relies entirely on hydraulic pressure to maintain ramp position, with no secondary protection if pressure is lost.

Consequence: Fatal crushing injuries if workers are trapped beneath collapsing ramps, severe traumatic injuries including amputations and fractures, permanent disability from crush injuries, and ongoing equipment downtime while hydraulic systems are repaired and safety investigated.

Contact with Overhead Structures and Services During Oversized Load Transport

High

Low loader combinations carrying tall plant equipment may exceed standard vehicle height clearances, risking contact with overhead infrastructure including bridge structures, power lines, traffic signals, and building overhangs. Contact incidents occur when load height is incorrectly calculated failing to account for equipment attachments or raised components, route planning does not identify all overhead restrictions, equipment shifts during transport increasing effective height, driver fails to observe overhead clearance warnings, or permits specify clearances that prove inadequate due to road geometry. Excavators with raised booms, cranes with extended jibs, or dozers with raised blades significantly increase load height. Some overhead hazards are not formally marked or may have clearances that vary due to road camber or surface condition changes. Power line contact during loading or unloading can electrocute plant operators or workers in vicinity. Bridge strikes can cause structural damage requiring emergency road closures and triggering major incident investigations. Variable suspension systems on modern trailers can change effective load height as cargo shifts or suspension adjusts to load.

Consequence: Electrocution fatalities from power line contact, major trauma from bridge structure collapse, extensive infrastructure damage requiring emergency repairs and road closures, criminal charges for drivers and transport operators, and significant financial liabilities for repair and compensation.

Vehicle Instability and Rollover with Unbalanced or Excessive Loads

High

Low loader combinations with improperly distributed loads or loads exceeding trailer stability limits can rollover during cornering, lane changes, or emergency braking manoeuvres. Instability results from positioning plant equipment too far forward or rearward affecting axle weight distribution, loads with high centre of gravity creating excessive roll moment, lateral load positioning causing side-to-side weight imbalance, loads exceeding trailer rated capacity, and cornering at speeds inappropriate for load configuration. Some plant equipment has irregular weight distribution with heavy counterweights offset from geometric centre requiring careful placement to achieve balanced loading. Combinations of excavators, dozers and other plant may have cumulative weight effects exceeding individual capacity calculations. Driver unfamiliarity with loaded handling characteristics can result in excessive cornering speeds or abrupt steering inputs. Road camber and crossfall magnify instability particularly with tall loads. Worn suspension components or incorrect tyre pressures reduce stability margins. Emergency manoeuvres to avoid hazards can exceed stability limits even when standard driving would be safe.

Consequence: Catastrophic rollover incidents causing driver and escort fatalities, other road user fatalities from collision with overturned load, complete destruction of plant equipment and transport vehicle, major environmental contamination if fuel tanks rupture, and road closures affecting entire regions while incidents are cleared.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Detailed Load Planning and Weight Distribution Calculation

Administrative

Preventing load instability and regulatory compliance failures requires systematic load planning before equipment loading commences. This administrative control includes calculating total load weight from plant specifications or weighbridge data, determining load centre of gravity location based on equipment configuration, calculating required positioning on trailer deck to achieve legal axle weights, verifying trailer capacity is adequate for load with appropriate safety factor, and documenting load plan for driver reference and regulatory compliance verification. Load planning considers not only total weight but distribution among trailer axles and prime mover axles, ensuring no individual axle exceeds legal mass limits typically 6 tonnes for single axle, 16.5 tonnes for dual axle groups. Planning accounts for equipment attachments, counterweights, and fuel loads that affect overall weight and balance. This systematic approach prevents the common error of loading equipment in convenient positions without calculating weight distribution effects, which leads to overloaded axles, vehicle instability, and regulatory breaches.

Implementation

1. Obtain accurate weight data for plant equipment from manufacturer specifications, previous weighbridge records, or weighing before loading if weight is uncertain. 2. Calculate load centre of gravity location accounting for equipment configuration including extended tracks, raised booms, or offset counterweights affecting balance. 3. Use load distribution calculation tools or software determining required positioning on trailer deck to achieve legal axle mass limits with margins for fuel and driver weight. 4. Verify trailer load rating is adequate for calculated total weight plus appropriate safety factor, ensuring rating is current and considers trailer condition. 5. Document load plan showing equipment positioning, calculated axle weights, restraint locations, and permit requirements for oversize dimensions. 6. Provide load plan to driver before loading commences, ensuring driver understands positioning requirements and can direct plant operator during loading. 7. Mark positioning points on trailer deck with paint or markers showing where equipment must be positioned to achieve calculated weight distribution. 8. Verify final positioning after loading using measurements from datum points, adjusting if necessary to match planned location before restraint installation. 9. Consider weighbridge verification for heavy or complex loads, confirming axle weights match calculations before departing for long-distance or difficult routes. 10. Retain load planning documentation as evidence of due diligence under Chain of Responsibility requirements, particularly for oversized loads requiring permits.

Comprehensive Load Restraint System Selection and Installation

Engineering

Ensuring loads remain secure during transport requires engineering controls that provide adequate restraint capacity for all anticipated forces based on National Transport Commission Load Restraint Guide performance standards. Loads must be restrained to withstand 0.8g deceleration forward, 0.5g acceleration rearward, 0.5g lateral forces, and 0.2g vertical forces representing maximum expected transport forces. This requires calculating minimum restraint capacity based on load weight and force directions, selecting chains, binders, straps, or blocking with adequate working load limits, positioning restraints at angles providing optimal force vectors, securing to rated anchor points on trailer deck, and tensioning restraints to remove slack without overloading components. Modern low loaders have multiple deck anchor points rated for specific loads. Restraint systems combine direct tie-down using chains and binders, friction from equipment weight on deck surface, and blocking preventing movement. Proper installation eliminates potential for load shift regardless of driving conditions or road geometry encountered during transport.

Implementation

1. Calculate required restraint capacity using NTC Load Restraint Guide formulas based on load weight and applicable force factors for equipment type and transport conditions. 2. Select chain grade (typically Grade 80 or 100) and size providing working load limit adequate for calculated restraint forces with minimum 2:1 safety factor. 3. Inspect all chains, binders, shackles, and attachment hardware before use, removing any components showing wear, deformation, or damage from service. 4. Position restraint chains at optimal angles typically 45 degrees or less from horizontal, avoiding steep angles that reduce effectiveness and increase loading on anchors. 5. Attach chains to manufacturer-specified tie-down points on plant equipment where possible, avoiding attachment to fragile components, hydraulic lines, or electrical components. 6. Use appropriate chain hooks or shackles rated for applied loads, ensuring positive engagement that cannot accidentally release during transport vibration. 7. Install minimum four restraint points for most loads, with additional restraints for heavy equipment, complex geometries, or loads with high centres of gravity. 8. Tension all restraints using load binders or ratchet mechanisms, removing slack while avoiding over-tensioning that could damage equipment or exceed restraint capacity. 9. Install warning devices on load binders preventing accidental release, securing handles in closed position with retaining clips or secondary locking. 10. Document restraint installation including number of chains, capacities, positions, and tensioning, photographing final configuration as verification of proper installation.

Safe Ramp Deployment and Loading Procedures

Administrative

Controlling hazards during ramp deployment and plant loading requires administrative procedures establishing clear sequences, communication protocols, and verification steps. This includes inspecting hydraulic ramp systems before use, establishing exclusion zones during ramp deployment preventing workers from crush zones, verifying ground conditions provide stable ramp support, controlling ramp deployment rate to prevent uncontrolled descent, confirming ramp angle is within plant manufacturer specifications before loading commences, and implementing communication systems between plant operator and ground personnel. Procedures address both normal loading operations and emergency scenarios such as plant stalling on ramps or hydraulic failures during deployment. Clear role allocation ensures plant operators focus on equipment control while ground personnel maintain situational awareness of hazards and provide guidance. This systematic approach prevents the common failures of rushed loading, inadequate communication, and workers positioned in hazard zones during dynamic operations.

Implementation

1. Inspect hydraulic ramp system before deployment checking hoses, fittings, rams, and control valves for leaks, damage, or deterioration requiring repair. 2. Position low loader on level firm ground before ramp deployment, verifying surface stability will support ramp loads and plant equipment tracking forces. 3. Establish exclusion zone minimum 5 metres around rear of trailer during ramp deployment, using barriers and warning signage preventing workers from approaching. 4. Deploy ramps using hydraulic controls at controlled rate, monitoring descent and ready to stop if obstructions or personnel are detected in ramp path. 5. Verify ramp deployment is complete with ramps fully contacted to ground before allowing plant loading, checking hydraulic pressure is maintained during loading sequence. 6. Measure ramp angle using inclinometer or angle gauge, confirming angle is within plant manufacturer specifications before authorising operator to commence climb. 7. For soft ground conditions, place timber mats or steel plates beneath ramp ends preventing sinking that would increase effective ramp angle beyond safe limits. 8. Establish communication system between plant operator and ground personnel using hand signals or two-way radio, with clear signals for stop, advance, reverse, and emergency. 9. Require plant operator to conduct test climb of first section of ramp verifying adequate traction and control before committing to full climb onto deck. 10. Maintain exclusion zones beside and behind plant during loading preventing workers from positions where they could be crushed if equipment slides or tips.

Height Safety Systems for Deck Work

Engineering

Protecting workers from falls when working on trailer decks requires engineering controls including fall arrest systems, edge protection, and safe access provisions. For routine loading operations where workers repeatedly access decks, permanent or temporary guardrail systems can be installed on trailer perimeters providing passive fall protection without requiring individual PPE. For operations where guardrails impede equipment loading or restraint installation, personal fall arrest systems including harnesses, lanyards, and anchor points provide active protection. Safe access includes ladders or steps with handrails preventing fall hazards when mounting and dismounting decks. Non-slip deck surfaces or coatings reduce slip hazards in wet conditions. Adequate lighting for night operations ensures visibility of deck edges and trip hazards. These controls eliminate fall potential or arrest falls before workers strike ground level.

Implementation

1. Assess fall risk based on deck height, work duration, frequency of access, and site conditions, selecting appropriate control hierarchy from guardrails to personal fall arrest. 2. For high-frequency operations with consistent loading patterns, install removable guardrail systems on trailer deck edges, using systems that can be removed for overwidth loads. 3. Ensure trailer deck has rated anchor points for personal fall arrest systems, distributed to allow workers access to all deck areas while maintaining connection. 4. Provide industrial fall arrest harnesses rated to AS/NZS 1891.1 with shock-absorbing lanyards limiting fall arrest forces to safe levels below 6kN. 5. Train workers in fall arrest system use including pre-use inspection, proper harness fitting, anchor point selection, and rescue procedures if fall arrest occurs. 6. Implement 100% tie-off procedures requiring workers to maintain connection to anchor points throughout time on deck, using twin-leg lanyards allowing movement between anchors. 7. Install proper access ladders or steps with handrails and slip-resistant treads meeting Australian Standards for industrial access, prohibiting climbing on equipment or improvised access. 8. Maintain deck surfaces free from mud, oil, ice, or other contaminants reducing friction, cleaning decks before operations and during loading if contamination accumulates. 9. Provide adequate lighting for night loading operations including work lights illuminating deck surfaces, ramp areas, and load restraint work zones to minimum 50 lux. 10. Conduct rescue planning for fall arrest scenarios, ensuring equipment and trained personnel are available to retrieve arrested workers without further endangering them or rescuers.

Oversized Load Permit Compliance and Route Planning

Administrative

Transport of plant equipment often exceeds standard vehicle dimension limits requiring oversized load permits and specific route compliance. This administrative control includes determining load dimensions including height, width, length, and weight, applying for appropriate permits from road authorities, planning routes that avoid restricted bridges, overhead structures, and unsuitable roads, arranging escort vehicles where required by permit conditions, and ensuring driver is briefed on route-specific restrictions and requirements. Permits specify maximum speeds, travel times, and may prohibit operations during certain periods or weather conditions. Route surveys may be necessary for extreme loads verifying clearances and road conditions. This systematic approach ensures legal compliance and prevents contact with infrastructure that could cause catastrophic incidents, major damage, and criminal liability.

Implementation

1. Measure loaded dimensions before transport including total height from ground to highest point accounting for equipment raised attachments and trailer deck height. 2. Apply for oversized load permits from relevant state or territory road authorities providing load dimensions, weights, proposed routes, and travel dates per regulatory requirements. 3. Review permit conditions specifying route restrictions, maximum speeds, travel time limitations, escort requirements, and special conditions for specific infrastructure or areas. 4. Conduct route planning identifying all bridges with restricted height or weight limits, overhead power lines, railway crossings, and areas with narrow road widths. 5. Verify overhead clearances along entire route using survey data, bridge schedule information, or physical surveys for unfamiliar routes with uncertain clearances. 6. Arrange escort vehicles where required by permit conditions, briefing escort drivers on their responsibilities for traffic management, clearance verification, and emergency communications. 7. Brief driver on route specifics including restricted turns, areas requiring lane closures, locations where speed must be reduced, and alternative routes if primary route becomes blocked. 8. Ensure load height markers are visible to driver providing constant awareness of clearance requirements, with signs warning if load exceeds standard clearances. 9. Implement real-time route monitoring for long-distance transport, with communications allowing driver to contact base for advice if unexpected route obstacles are encountered. 10. Document permit compliance including departure times, route followed, and arrival confirmation, retaining records demonstrating regulatory compliance under Chain of Responsibility requirements.

Hydraulic System Maintenance and Inspection Protocols

Engineering

Preventing catastrophic ramp failures requires systematic hydraulic system maintenance and pre-use inspection identifying deterioration before failures occur. This engineering control includes scheduled maintenance of hydraulic rams, hoses, fittings, and control valves per manufacturer specifications, replacement of hydraulic fluid at recommended intervals, inspection protocols detecting wear or damage, and installation of secondary safety systems including mechanical ramp supports or chains. Hydraulic systems subjected to harsh construction environments require more frequent inspection than standard maintenance schedules. Documented inspection creates accountability and provides evidence of proactive safety management. Installing secondary mechanical supports provides redundancy if hydraulic pressure is lost unexpectedly.

Implementation

1. Develop equipment-specific maintenance schedule for hydraulic ramp systems based on manufacturer recommendations and actual usage intensity in construction applications. 2. Conduct scheduled hydraulic fluid analysis checking for contamination, water content, and viscosity degradation requiring fluid replacement before system damage occurs. 3. Inspect hydraulic hoses for weather deterioration, abrasion damage, and age-related degradation, replacing hoses on time-based schedule regardless of appearance. 4. Test hydraulic ram seals for leakage and wear, replacing seals before failure results in loss of pressure during operations. 5. Verify hydraulic pressure relief valves function correctly preventing over-pressure that could cause hose or fitting failure. 6. Install mechanical ramp support chains or cables providing secondary support if hydraulic pressure fails, with chains rated for ramp weight and positioned to prevent full collapse. 7. Conduct pre-use functional testing of ramp systems each day before loading operations, cycling ramps through full range and checking for smooth operation and adequate pressure. 8. Train operators to recognise signs of hydraulic system deterioration including slow ramp movement, pressure loss, unusual noises, or fluid leaks requiring immediate inspection. 9. Maintain hydraulic system maintenance logs documenting services, component replacements, fluid changes, and inspections, tracking system condition over time. 10. Quarantine trailers from service if hydraulic system defects are identified, prohibiting use until repairs are completed and system functionality verified by competent person.

Download complete control procedures

Personal protective equipment

Safety Harness with Shock-Absorbing Lanyard

Requirement: Full-body harness certified to AS/NZS 1891.1 with twin-leg lanyard and shock absorber

When: Required when working on trailer decks above 2 metres height without guardrail protection, during load restraint installation, equipment positioning, and deck operations. Must be connected to rated anchor points throughout work.

Steel Toe Cap Safety Boots with Slip-Resistant Soles

Requirement: Certified to AS/NZS 2210.3 with steel toe protection and slip-resistant tread pattern

When: Mandatory during all low loader operations to protect feet from crushing by dropped restraint equipment, penetration from deck hazards, and slips on contaminated surfaces.

High-Visibility Vest or Jacket

Requirement: Class D Day/Night compliant with AS/NZS 4602.1 with reflective stripes

When: Required during all loading and unloading operations to ensure visibility to plant operators, truck drivers, and other site workers. Essential during roadside operations and night work.

Hard Hat with Chin Strap

Requirement: Type 1 helmet compliant with AS/NZS 1801 with secure chin strap

When: Required during loading operations with overhead hazards including raised plant attachments, suspended loads if crane-assisted loading is used, and when working near operating plant equipment.

Heavy-Duty Work Gloves with Reinforced Palms

Requirement: Leather or synthetic gloves with reinforced palms and abrasion resistance

When: Required during chain and load restraint handling to protect hands from pinch points, sharp chain edges, and friction injuries when tensioning binders. Must not be worn near rotating plant components.

Safety Glasses with Side Shields

Requirement: Impact-rated to AS/NZS 1337 with side protection

When: Required during all loading operations to protect against dust, debris, and particles from plant equipment operation, hydraulic spray, and flying objects during restraint installation.

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

✓Inspect low loader trailer structure checking deck surface for damage, cracks, or deterioration affecting load support capacity and stability
✓Verify hydraulic ramp system operation by deploying and stowing ramps, checking for smooth operation, adequate pressure, leaks, and unusual noises
✓Check all deck anchor points are intact, undamaged, and rated for intended loads with markings clearly visible
✓Inspect load restraint equipment including chains, binders, shackles, and straps for wear, deformation, cracks, or damage requiring replacement
✓Verify trailer tyres are correctly inflated to manufacturer specifications, with adequate tread depth and no damage to sidewalls or unusual wear patterns
✓Check trailer lights and electrical connections function correctly including brake lights, indicators, and marker lights for oversized loads
✓Review permit requirements and route restrictions for oversized loads, confirming driver is briefed on clearances and special conditions
✓Verify ground surface at loading location provides stable support for ramp deployment and plant tracking loads without excessive slope or soft areas

During work

✓Monitor plant equipment loading onto ramps watching for loss of traction, excessive ramp angle, or instability requiring immediate stop
✓Verify plant positioning on deck matches load plan calculations, measuring from datum points before authorising restraint installation
✓Check load restraint installation as each chain is attached, verifying anchor points, angles, attachment points, and tension are appropriate
✓Monitor exclusion zones ensuring workers remain clear of crush zones beside and behind plant during positioning operations
✓Verify communications between plant operator and ground personnel remain clear with both parties understanding signals and instructions
✓Check deck surface remains clean and free from oil, fuel, or hydraulic fluid leaks that could create slip hazards or indicate equipment problems
✓Monitor weather conditions including wind affecting tall loads, rain making surfaces slippery, or poor visibility requiring additional controls

After work

✓Conduct final verification of all load restraints checking tension, connection security, and binder handle positions before authorising transport departure
✓Verify ramps are fully stowed, hydraulic pressure is maintained, and ramp securing mechanisms are engaged preventing deployment during transport
✓Check loaded height clearance meets permit specifications and route requirements, verifying no plant attachments extend above calculated height
✓Document load configuration with photographs showing restraint positions, equipment placement, and overall load security for compliance records
✓Brief driver on load characteristics including weight distribution, height restrictions, special handling requirements, and route-specific considerations
✓Verify escort vehicle coordination is established for oversized loads with communications tested and escort drivers briefed on route and responsibilities
✓Conduct rolling inspection after initial transport movement, stopping within first 5 kilometres to verify restraints remain tight and load has not shifted

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Conduct Pre-Loading Planning and Load Calculation

Before plant equipment arrives at loading location, complete comprehensive planning including obtaining accurate equipment weight from manufacturer data, previous weighbridge records, or physical weighing if weight is uncertain. Calculate load centre of gravity considering equipment configuration, counterweights, attachments, and fuel loads. Determine required positioning on trailer deck to achieve legal axle weight limits using load distribution calculation tools or software. Verify trailer capacity is adequate with appropriate safety factors. Calculate required load restraint capacity using National Transport Commission Load Restraint Guide formulas accounting for equipment weight and transport force factors. Determine if load dimensions exceed standard vehicle limits requiring oversized load permits, applying for permits with adequate lead time and planning compliant routes. Brief all personnel involved in loading operation on sequence, responsibilities, hazards, and communication protocols. Prepare written load plan documenting equipment positioning, axle weight distribution, restraint requirements, and permit conditions where applicable.

Safety considerations

Inadequate planning leads to improper load distribution causing axle overloading, vehicle instability, and regulatory breaches. Rushing loading operations due to time pressure increases risk of restraint failures and positioning errors. Ensure all parties understand their responsibilities and hazards before operations commence.

Position Low Loader and Deploy Ramps Safely

Position low loader on level firm ground with adequate space for plant equipment approach and maneuvering. Verify ground surface stability will support ramp loads and tracking forces without excessive settlement or slope. Apply parking brake and place chocks under trailer wheels preventing movement during loading. Establish exclusion zone minimum 5 metres around trailer rear using barriers and signage. Inspect hydraulic ramp system for leaks, damage, or deterioration. Deploy ramps using hydraulic controls at controlled rate, monitoring for obstructions and maintaining awareness of personnel locations. Lower ramps fully to ground ensuring secure contact. Measure ramp angle using inclinometer verifying angle is within plant manufacturer specifications, typically maximum 15 degrees for tracked plant, less for wheeled equipment. For soft ground, place timber mats or steel plates beneath ramp ends preventing sinking that would increase effective angle. Verify hydraulic pressure is maintained throughout loading sequence. Inspect ramp surface for contamination that could reduce traction including mud, oil, or ice.

Safety considerations

Excessive ramp angles cause plant to lose traction and slide backward, or to lift rear end creating rollover risk. Soft ground allowing ramp settlement increases effective angle beyond safe limits. Workers must remain clear of ramp descent path and exclusion zones during deployment to prevent crush injuries.

Load Plant Equipment Using Controlled Procedures

Establish communication system between plant operator and ground personnel using hand signals or two-way radio with clear signals for advance, stop, reverse, and emergency. Brief plant operator on required positioning, ramp approach angle, and stopping point on deck. Verify plant operator is competent on specific equipment type and understands loading hazards. Conduct test approach confirming plant has adequate control and braking before committing to ramp climb. Plant operator approaches ramps at walking pace maintaining straight alignment, avoiding angle that could cause equipment to slide sideways. Operator climbs ramp at steady controlled speed without excessive throttle that could cause loss of traction or rear-end lift. Ground personnel monitor from safe position outside exclusion zones providing guidance on alignment and progress. Once on deck, operator positions equipment precisely as per load plan using measurements from datum points marked on deck. Verify final position matches calculations before shutting down plant. Lower all raised attachments including excavator booms, dozer blades, and loader buckets to minimum transport height. Apply equipment park brakes and place transmissions in park position where applicable.

Safety considerations

Plant equipment can slide backward or roll sideways on ramps if operator applies excessive throttle, loses traction, or mechanical failures occur. Ground personnel must remain outside exclusion zones during entire loading sequence. Never position workers behind plant equipment during ramp climb as equipment could slide backward uncontrollably.

Install Load Restraint System to Required Capacity

Using load restraint calculation completed during planning, select appropriate chains, binders, and attachment hardware with working load limits adequate for calculated restraint forces. Inspect all restraint components before use removing any items showing wear, deformation, or damage. Access trailer deck using proper ladder or steps with harness and fall arrest system if deck height exceeds 2 metres without guardrails. Position chains at optimal angles typically 45 degrees or less from horizontal, avoiding steep angles that reduce effectiveness. Attach chains to manufacturer-specified tie-down points on plant equipment where possible, using proper hooks or shackles rated for applied loads. Secure to rated deck anchor points with positive engagement preventing accidental release. Install minimum four restraint points for most loads, with additional restraints for heavy equipment or complex geometries. Use load binders to tension each chain removing slack while avoiding over-tension that could damage equipment or exceed restraint ratings. Secure load binder handles in closed position using retaining clips preventing accidental release during transport. Document restraint installation photographing configuration showing number of chains, positions, and tensions applied.

Safety considerations

Inadequate load restraint causes catastrophic load shifts during transport resulting in multiple fatalities and major property damage. Falls from trailer decks cause serious injuries during restraint installation. Never compromise restraint specifications due to time pressure or equipment availability - delay loading until proper restraints are available.

Verify Load Security and Conduct Final Inspection

After restraint installation is complete, conduct systematic verification of all aspects of load security. Check each chain for proper tension by attempting to move load, verifying minimal movement indicating restraints are tight. Verify chain attachments are secure at both plant equipment tie-down points and deck anchor points. Confirm load binder handles are in closed position with retaining mechanisms engaged. Measure load height from ground to highest point accounting for all equipment attachments and raised components. Verify height is within permit specifications and route clearances. Check load positioning matches load plan with equipment properly centered and positioned for calculated axle weight distribution. Verify ramps are fully stowed with hydraulic pressure maintained and ramp securing devices engaged. Check trailer lights and electrical connections function correctly. Brief driver on load characteristics including weight distribution, height restrictions, route requirements, permit conditions, and recommended speed limits. Provide driver with load plan documentation, permit copies, and emergency contact information. Document final load configuration with comprehensive photographs from multiple angles showing overall security and compliance with specifications.

Safety considerations

Departing loading sites without thorough verification leads to restraint failures, infrastructure strikes, and regulatory breaches. Drivers must understand load-specific handling characteristics and route restrictions. Documentation provides evidence of proper loading and due diligence if incidents occur or regulatory inspections are conducted.

Conduct In-Transit Monitoring and Arrival Inspection

Driver conducts rolling inspection within first 5 kilometres of travel, stopping in safe location to verify restraints remain tight and load has not shifted during initial transport phase. Check all chain tensions, binder positions, and load positioning relative to deck marks. Retighten any restraints showing slack due to load settlement or vibration. For long-distance transport, conduct additional inspections at intervals specified in permit conditions or after any unusual events including emergency braking, rough road sections, or load movement sensations. Monitor load in mirrors throughout transport watching for any signs of shifting or loose restraints. Maintain communications capability throughout journey for reporting problems or requesting route advice. Observe overhead clearance warnings and verify adequate clearance at all bridge crossings and overhead structures. Coordinate with escort vehicles for oversized loads ensuring they maintain required positions and provide traffic management. Upon arrival at destination, conduct inspection before unloading verifying load remains secure and no damage occurred during transport. Document arrival condition and any issues encountered during journey for maintenance review and continuous improvement.

Safety considerations

Load settlement and vibration during initial transport can loosen restraints that were properly tensioned at loading. Failing to conduct rolling inspection allows loosened restraints to deteriorate further creating catastrophic failure risk. Monitor constantly throughout transport for any changes in load behavior or restraint condition.

Get risk assessment & procedures

Frequently asked questions

What are the legal requirements for load restraint on low loaders in Australia?

Load restraint must comply with National Transport Commission Load Restraint Guide performance standards requiring loads to withstand 0.8g forward deceleration, 0.5g rearward acceleration, 0.5g lateral forces, and 0.2g vertical forces. These represent maximum forces expected during normal transport operations. Restraint systems can use direct tie-down (chains, straps), friction between load and deck surface, or blocking/cradles preventing movement. All restraint components must have adequate working load limits with safety factors, typically minimum 2:1 between working load and breaking strength. Restraints must be positioned at angles providing effective force vectors, generally 45 degrees or less from horizontal. Attachment points on both equipment and trailer must be rated for applied forces. Chain of Responsibility legislation makes all parties in transport chain potentially liable for inadequate restraint including loading personnel, transport operators, and those contracting transport services. Penalties for restraint failures causing incidents include substantial fines and potential imprisonment. Documentation demonstrating restraint calculations and proper installation provides evidence of due diligence and compliance.

How do I calculate the correct positioning of equipment on a low loader deck?

Equipment positioning must achieve legal axle weight limits while maintaining load security and vehicle stability. Start by obtaining accurate equipment weight from manufacturer data, weighbridge records, or physical weighing. Determine load centre of gravity considering equipment configuration, counterweights, attachments, and fuel. Use load distribution calculations or software inputting trailer wheelbase dimensions, axle spacing, and equipment dimensions. Calculate position where equipment centre of gravity must be located to distribute total weight among all axles within legal limits - typically 6 tonnes single axle, 16.5 tonnes dual axle group. Account for prime mover rear axle loads and ensure they also remain within limits. Mark calculated position on trailer deck using measurements from rear of deck or other datum points. During loading, verify actual positioning matches calculations using tape measures before commencing restraint installation. For complex loads or multiple pieces of equipment, consider professional weighbridge verification after loading confirming axle weights meet calculations. Incorrect positioning causes axle overloading leading to regulatory penalties, increased tyre wear and failure risk, reduced vehicle braking performance, and potential instability during emergency maneuvers.

What permits are required for transporting oversized plant equipment?

Permits are required when loaded combinations exceed standard vehicle dimension limits: 2.5 metres width, 4.3 metres height, or specific length limits varying by vehicle type and jurisdiction. Application process involves submitting load dimensions, weights, proposed routes, and travel dates to relevant state or territory road authority. Authorities assess applications against infrastructure restrictions including bridge clearances and weight ratings, overhead structures, narrow roads, and specific restricted routes. Permits specify approved routes, maximum speeds (often 80-90 km/h), travel time restrictions (may prohibit night or peak hour travel), escort vehicle requirements based on dimensions exceeding thresholds, and special conditions for specific infrastructure. Some jurisdictions require notice periods to road authorities, public utilities, or police for extreme dimensions. Permit fees vary based on dimensions and jurisdiction. Interstate transport requires permits from each jurisdiction traversed. Permit conditions are legally enforceable with significant penalties for non-compliance. Drivers must carry permits during transport and follow all specified conditions. For regular transport of similar loads on established routes, standing permits may be available reducing administrative burden. Route surveys verifying clearances may be required for unfamiliar routes or extreme dimensions exceeding standard permit categories.

How should I manage the risks of loading equipment with mechanical defects?

Plant equipment requiring transport to repair facilities often has compromised braking, steering defects, hydraulic failures, or other mechanical issues increasing loading hazards. Conduct thorough pre-loading assessment identifying specific defects and how they affect safe loading and positioning. Equipment with brake failures requires alternative methods for controlling movement including low-gear operation, using excavator bucket or blade as drag brake, or winching onto deck rather than self-loading. Steering defects may prevent maintaining straight alignment on ramps requiring assisted guidance or alternative loading methods. Hydraulic failures preventing attachment lowering may increase load height requiring modified route planning and clearance verification. For severe defects making self-loading unsafe, consider crane-assisted loading, winch-on systems, or alternative transport arrangements. Document equipment condition and loading method variations in load plan. Brief plant operator on defect implications and modified procedures before loading commences. Ensure ground personnel understand equipment limitations and maintain enhanced exclusion zones. Never attempt loading if defects create unacceptable risk - delaying for repair or alternative transport is preferable to incident during loading. Document decision-making process demonstrating risk assessment and controls for defective equipment transport.

What are the requirements for working at height on low loader decks?

Working on low loader decks typically 1.5-2 metres above ground constitutes work at height requiring fall protection under WHS regulations. Risk assessment determines appropriate controls following hierarchy: elimination by performing restraint work from ground level where possible, guardrail installation on deck edges providing passive protection for routine operations, or personal fall arrest systems for temporary or variable operations where guardrails are impractical. Fall arrest systems require full-body harnesses certified to AS/NZS 1891.1, shock-absorbing lanyards limiting arrest forces below 6kN, and connection to rated anchor points distributed on trailer deck. Workers must maintain 100% connection throughout time on deck using twin-leg lanyards allowing movement between anchors. Access via proper ladders or steps with handrails rather than climbing on equipment. Training in harness use, pre-use inspection, anchor point selection, and rescue procedures is mandatory before working at height. Employers must ensure rescue capability exists to retrieve workers suspended after fall arrest without waiting for emergency services. Non-slip deck surfaces and adequate lighting reduce slip and trip hazards contributing to falls. Fall protection must never be compromised due to time pressure or perceived low risk - even short-duration tasks require proper controls as most falls occur during brief exposures.

How often should hydraulic ramp systems be inspected and maintained?

Hydraulic ramp systems require multiple levels of inspection and maintenance ensuring continued safe operation. Pre-use inspection daily before loading operations checks for hydraulic leaks, ram operation smoothness, adequate pressure maintenance, control valve function, and structural integrity of ramps and hinges. Weekly detailed inspection examines hose condition checking for abrasion, weather deterioration, and age-related degradation. Monthly inspection by competent person conducts functional testing through multiple ramp cycles, pressure testing to verify system capacity, inspection of all hydraulic fittings and connections, and verification secondary safety systems including support chains function correctly. Scheduled maintenance based on manufacturer recommendations typically every 500-1000 operating hours includes hydraulic fluid replacement, seal inspection and replacement in rams, control valve servicing, and structural inspection for fatigue cracking in ramp frames and hinge assemblies. Annual certification by qualified hydraulic technician verifies system meets design specifications and operates safely. Install secondary mechanical supports or chains providing backup if hydraulic pressure fails. Document all inspections and maintenance in equipment logbooks tracking system condition over time and demonstrating compliance with maintenance requirements. Quarantine trailers from service if defects are identified until repairs are completed and verified. Harsh construction environments require more frequent inspection than standard schedules due to accelerated deterioration from dust, moisture, and mechanical abuse.

Low Loader SWMS Sample

Professional SWMS created in 5 seconds with OneClickSWMS

Instant PDF & shareable link
Auto-filled risk matrix
Editable Word download
State-specific compliance
Digital signature ready
Version history preserved

Manual creation2-3 hours

OneClickSWMS5 seconds

Save 99% of admin time and eliminate manual errors.

Generate SWMS Now View sample SWMS

No credit card required • Instant access • Unlimited drafts included in every plan

PDF Sample

Risk Rating

BeforeHigh

After ControlsLow

Key Controls

• Pre-start briefing covering hazards
• PPE: hard hats, eye protection, gloves
• Emergency plan communicated to crew

Signature Ready

Capture digital signatures onsite and store revisions with automatic timestamps.

Continue exploring

Hand-picked SWMS resources

Semi Truck TrailerExplore →Earthmoving Mobile PlantExplore →

Ready to deliver professional SWMS in minutes?

OneClickSWMS powers thousands of compliant projects every week. Join them today.

Join 2,000+ Protected Companies Explore Safety Guides

Low Loader Safe Work Method Statement

What this SWMS covers

Why this SWMS matters

Hazard identification

Plant Equipment Rollover or Sliding During Loading and Unloading

Inadequate Load Restraint Causing Equipment Shift During Transport

Falls from Height When Working on Trailer Deck

Hydraulic Ramp Collapse or Uncontrolled Descent

Contact with Overhead Structures and Services During Oversized Load Transport

Vehicle Instability and Rollover with Unbalanced or Excessive Loads

Control measures

Detailed Load Planning and Weight Distribution Calculation

Comprehensive Load Restraint System Selection and Installation

Safe Ramp Deployment and Loading Procedures

Height Safety Systems for Deck Work

Oversized Load Permit Compliance and Route Planning

Hydraulic System Maintenance and Inspection Protocols

Personal protective equipment

Safety Harness with Shock-Absorbing Lanyard

Steel Toe Cap Safety Boots with Slip-Resistant Soles

High-Visibility Vest or Jacket

Hard Hat with Chin Strap

Heavy-Duty Work Gloves with Reinforced Palms

Safety Glasses with Side Shields

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

During work

After work

Step-by-step work procedure

Conduct Pre-Loading Planning and Load Calculation

Position Low Loader and Deploy Ramps Safely

Load Plant Equipment Using Controlled Procedures

Install Load Restraint System to Required Capacity

Verify Load Security and Conduct Final Inspection

Conduct In-Transit Monitoring and Arrival Inspection

Frequently asked questions

Related SWMS documents

Car Carrier Safe Work Method Statement

Delivery-Removal Service Safe Work Method Statement

Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Safe Work Method Statement

Forklift - Pedestrian Operated Safe Work Method Statement

Forklift Safe Work Method Statement

Heavy Vehicles Service Maintenance Safe Work Method Statement

Low Loader SWMS Sample

Continue exploring

Ready to deliver professional SWMS in minutes?